UOC di Nutrizione Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Gastroenterologiche, Endocrino‑Metaboliche e Nefro‑Urologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Istituto di Patologia Speciale Medica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
Nutrients. 2019 Oct 7;11(10):2393. doi: 10.3390/nu11102393.
The gut microbiota is a changing ecosystem, containing trillions of bacteria, continuously shaped by many factors, such as dietary habits, seasonality, lifestyle, stress, antibiotics use, or diseases. A healthy host-microorganisms balance must be respected in order to optimally maintain the intestinal barrier and immune system functions and, consequently, prevent disease development. In the past several decades, the adoption of modern dietary habits has become a growing health concern, as it is strongly associated with obesity and related metabolic diseases, promoting inflammation and both structural and behavioral changes in gut microbiota. In this context, novel dietary strategies are emerging to prevent diseases and maintain health. However, the consequences of these different diets on gut microbiota modulation are still largely unknown, and could potentially lead to alterations of gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and the immune system. The present review aimed to focus on the impact of single food components (macronutrients and micronutrients), salt, food additives, and different dietary habits (i.e., vegan and vegetarian, gluten-free, ketogenic, high sugar, low FODMAP, Western-type, and Mediterranean diets) on gut microbiota composition in order to define the optimal diet for a healthy modulation of gut microbiota.
肠道微生物群是一个不断变化的生态系统，包含数以万亿计的细菌，它受到许多因素的持续影响，如饮食习惯、季节性、生活方式、压力、抗生素使用或疾病等。为了最佳地维持肠道屏障和免疫系统功能，并因此预防疾病的发生，必须尊重健康宿主与微生物的平衡。在过去几十年中，现代饮食习惯的采用已成为一个日益严重的健康问题，因为它与肥胖和相关的代谢性疾病密切相关，促进了肠道微生物群的炎症和结构及行为改变。在这种情况下，新兴的饮食策略旨在预防疾病和保持健康。然而，这些不同饮食对肠道微生物群调节的影响在很大程度上仍然未知，并且可能导致肠道微生物群、肠道屏障和免疫系统的改变。本综述旨在重点关注单一食物成分（宏量营养素和微量营养素）、盐、食品添加剂以及不同饮食习惯（即纯素和素食、无麸质、生酮、高糖、低 FODMAP、西方和地中海饮食）对肠道微生物群组成的影响，以确定健康调节肠道微生物群的最佳饮食。
