Human Microbiome Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy.
Parasitology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy.
Nutrients. 2019 Feb 12;11(2):373. doi: 10.3390/nu11020373.
The gut microbiota performs several essential protective, structural, and metabolic functions for host health. The maintenance of a beneficial microbiota requires a homeostatic equilibrium within microbial communities, and between the microorganisms and the host. The gut microbiota composition may be affected by external factors, among them diet habits may be considered most important. In some pathological conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), celiac disease (CD), or neurological disorders (ND), specific dietary regimens as low-fermentable, oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs), ketogenic (KD), and gluten-free (GFD) diets are considered therapeutic. These kinds of diets are characterized by a reduction or exclusion of a specific nutrient from the entire dietary pattern. Despite these alimentary regimens showing beneficial effects on disease symptoms, they can affect microbiota composition, especially if they are protracted for a long time. To date, only a few studies have reported the effects of these diets on gut microbiota. In this review, we discuss the effects of low-FODMAPs, KD, and GFD on gut microbiota modulation in pathological conditions, advancing the possibility of depicting a balanced diet and developing personalized dietary intervention protocols.
肠道微生物群为宿主健康执行多种重要的保护、结构和代谢功能。有益微生物群的维持需要微生物群落内部以及微生物与宿主之间的动态平衡。肠道微生物群的组成可能受到外部因素的影响，其中饮食习惯可能被认为是最重要的因素。在一些病理情况下，如肠易激综合征 (IBS)、乳糜泻 (CD) 或神经障碍 (ND)，低可发酵寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇 (FODMAPs)、生酮 (KD) 和无麸质 (GFD) 饮食等特定饮食方案被认为具有治疗作用。这些饮食方案的特点是从整个饮食模式中减少或排除特定营养素。尽管这些饮食方案对疾病症状显示出有益的效果，但它们可能会影响微生物群的组成，特别是如果它们持续很长时间。迄今为止，只有少数研究报告了这些饮食方案对肠道微生物群的影响。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了低 FODMAPs、KD 和 GFD 在病理情况下对肠道微生物群调节的影响，提出了描绘均衡饮食和制定个性化饮食干预方案的可能性。
