Particle Self-Aligning, Focusing, and Electric Impedance Microcytometer Device for Label-Free Single Cell Morphology Discrimination and Yeast Budding Analysis.

Microfluidic electric impedance flow cytometry (IFC) devices have been applied in single cell analysis, such as cell counting, volume discrimination, cell viability, etc. A cell's shape provides specific information about cellular physiological and pathological conditions, especially in microorganisms such as yeast. In this study, the particle orientation focusing was theoretically analyzed and realized by hydrodynamics. The pulse width (passing time for the particles) of the conductance signal was used to discriminate particle shapes. Spherical and rod-shaped particles with similar volumes/lengths were differentiated by the IFC device, using the impedance pulse parameters of the events. Then, typical late-budding, early budding, and unbudded yeast cells were distinguished by the width, amplitude, and ratio of width to amplitude () of the impedance pulse. The pulse amplitude and the combination gate for identifying the late-budding yeast was estimated through the statistic results. Using the gate, the late-budding rates under different conditions were calculated. Late-budding rates obtained using our method showed a high correlation ( = 0.83) with the manual cell counting result and represented the budding status of yeast cells under different conditions proficiently. Thus, the late-budding rate calculated using the above method can be used as a qualitative parameter to assess the reproductive performance of yeast and whether a yeast culturing environment is optimal. This IFC device and cell shape discrimination method is very simple and could be applied in the fermentation industry and other microorganisms' discrimination as a rapid analysis technique in the future.