Stillman Mark W, Whittaker Alexandra L
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia;, Email:
J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2019 Nov 1;58(6):755-766. doi: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000036. Epub 2019 Oct 11.
Sheep () are widely used as large animal models in biomedical research. However, current literature on the use of analgesics in sheep generally focuses on an industry or farm level of use. This structured review evaluates use and efficacy of analgesics administered to sheep in a biomedical research setting. Electronic databases were searched with terms related to analgesia in research sheep. After application of exclusion criteria, 29 peer-reviewed publications were evaluated from 1995 to 2018. Drugs used for analgesia in sheep include opioids, α₂ agonists, NSAID, local anesthetics, NMDA receptor antagonists, and calcium channel blockers. Opioid agonists have previously been considered short acting and of questionable efficacy in sheep, but newer modalities may provide effective analgesia. NSAID may exhibit an analgesic effect only when inflammatory pain is present and may not be beneficial for use in acute pain models. α₂ agonists provide effective yet short-lived analgesia; however, side effects are of concern. Local anesthetics were previously widely used as stand-alone agents, as alternatives to the use of general anesthetics in sheep. These agents have since fallen out of favor as sole agents. Despite this, they provide a valuable analgesic effect when used as adjuncts to general anesthetic regimes. The NMDA antagonist ketamine provided good analgesia and is likely underutilized as an analgesic agent in sheep. Future controlled studies should further evaluate the analgesic properties of ketamine in sheep.
绵羊被广泛用作生物医学研究中的大型动物模型。然而，目前关于绵羊使用镇痛药的文献通常聚焦于行业或农场层面的应用。本系统评价评估了在生物医学研究环境中给予绵羊的镇痛药的使用情况及疗效。使用与研究绵羊镇痛相关的术语检索电子数据库。在应用排除标准后，对1995年至2018年的29篇同行评议出版物进行了评估。用于绵羊镇痛的药物包括阿片类药物、α₂激动剂、非甾体抗炎药、局部麻醉药、NMDA受体拮抗剂和钙通道阻滞剂。阿片类激动剂以前被认为在绵羊中作用时间短且疗效存疑，但新的给药方式可能提供有效的镇痛效果。非甾体抗炎药可能仅在存在炎性疼痛时才表现出镇痛作用，可能对急性疼痛模型的使用无益。α₂激动剂提供有效但持续时间短的镇痛效果；然而，副作用令人担忧。局部麻醉药以前广泛用作单一药物，作为绵羊使用全身麻醉药的替代方法。此后，这些药物作为单一药物已不再受欢迎。尽管如此，当用作全身麻醉方案的辅助药物时，它们可提供有价值的镇痛效果。NMDA拮抗剂氯胺酮提供了良好的镇痛效果，在绵羊中作为镇痛药可能未得到充分利用。未来的对照研究应进一步评估氯胺酮在绵羊中的镇痛特性。
