School of Architecture and Fine Art, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China; School of Architecture, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
J Environ Manage. 2019 Dec 15;252:109622. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109622. Epub 2019 Oct 9.
Consensus in preference is a central issue in landscape perception research. Several studies have highlighted the relationships between landscape preference and demographic variables; however, consensus among different countries' observers remains poorly understood. This study was primarily conducted to examine the consensus in factors affecting landscape preferences between potential Chinese and English rural tourists. A questionnaire survey and experimental eye-tracking methods were used. The results showed that, regarding preference for their home countries' rural landscapes, the importance of vegetation is significantly greater for Chinese than for English tourists. Generally, the dominant factors affecting Chinese landscape preference involved progressive enhancement with tranquillity, diversity, traditional characteristics, and maintenance of buildings and human constructions, while English preferences focused on multifaceted maintenance and avoiding the intrusion of building and human constructions. Regarding preferences in favour of Chinese rural landscapes, higher consensus was likely to occur for the most and least preferred landscapes when landscape types were combined, which was even more obvious for the Chinese than the English individuals. When landscape types were separated, there were significant correlations between Chinese and English preferences for natural landscape types, while the considerable difference regarding manmade landscape types could be greater depending on the effects of different factors affecting the preferences for their home countries' landscapes. In addition, a significant effect of observers' attention pattern was presented, suggesting that landscapes providing an easy way to concentrate on smaller interest areas could significantly increase tranquillity and thus increase landscape preference. The present study provides evidence for previous judgement consensus studies and reference for the management or design of countryside landscapes with perceived restorative and visiting potential.
偏好共识是景观感知研究的核心问题。已有多项研究强调了景观偏好与人口统计学变量之间的关系，但不同国家观察者之间的共识仍了解甚少。本研究主要旨在探讨潜在的中国和英国农村游客对影响景观偏好的因素的共识。采用问卷调查和实验眼动追踪方法。结果表明，就对本国农村景观的偏好而言，植被对中国游客的重要性明显大于英国游客。一般而言，影响中国景观偏好的主导因素涉及随着宁静、多样性、传统特征以及建筑物和人工构筑物的维护而逐渐增强，而英国偏好则侧重于多方面的维护和避免建筑物和人工构筑物的侵入。就对中国农村景观的偏好而言，当将景观类型结合在一起时，最受欢迎和最不受欢迎的景观更有可能出现较高的共识，而对于中国人来说，这种情况比英国人更为明显。当将景观类型分开时，中国和英国对自然景观类型的偏好之间存在显著的相关性，而对于人造景观类型，则可能因不同因素对其本国景观偏好的影响而存在较大差异。此外，观察者注意力模式呈现出显著的影响，这表明提供一种易于集中关注较小兴趣区域的景观可以显著增加宁静感，从而提高景观偏好。本研究为之前的判断共识研究提供了证据，并为具有感知恢复力和访问潜力的乡村景观的管理或设计提供了参考。
