University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Human Movement Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands.
University of Groningen, Groningen Institute for Educational Research, Groningen, The Netherlands.
PLoS One. 2019 Oct 24;14(10):e0224219. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224219. eCollection 2019.
This study aimed to systematically investigate the relation between gross motor skills and aspects of executive functioning (i.e. verbal working memory, visuospatial working memory, response inhibition and interference control) in 8-10 year old children. Additionally, the role of information processing (speed and variability) and lapses of attention in the relation between gross motor skills and executive functions was investigated. Data of 732 Dutch children from grade 3 and 4 were analyzed (50.0% boys, 50.4% grade 3, age = 9.16 ± 0.64 years). Gross motor skills were assessed using three items of the Körper Koordinationstest für Kinder and one item of the Bruininks-Oseretsky test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition. Executive functions were assessed using the Wechsler Digit Span task (verbal working memory), the Visuospatial Memory task (visuospatial working memory), the Stop Signal task (response inhibition) and a modified version of the Flanker task (interference control). Information processing and lapses of attention were obtained by applying an ex-Gaussian analysis on go trials of the Stop Signal task. Multilevel regression analysis showed that gross motor skills were significantly related to verbal working memory, visuospatial working memory and response inhibition, but not to interference control. Lapses of attention was a significant predictor for all executive functions, whereas processing speed was not. Variability in processing speed was only predictive for visuospatial working memory. After controlling for information processing and lapses of attention, gross motor skills were only significantly related to visuospatial working memory and response inhibition. The results suggest that after controlling for information processing and lapses of attention, gross motor skills are related to aspects of executive functions that are most directly involved in, and share common underlying processes with, gross motor skills.
本研究旨在系统地研究 8-10 岁儿童粗大运动技能与执行功能（即言语工作记忆、视空间工作记忆、反应抑制和干扰控制）各方面之间的关系。此外，还研究了信息处理（速度和变异性）和注意力不集中在粗大运动技能与执行功能之间的关系中的作用。对来自 3 年级和 4 年级的 732 名荷兰儿童的数据进行了分析（50.0%男孩，50.4%为 3 年级，年龄=9.16±0.64 岁）。粗大运动技能使用 Körper Koordinationstest für Kinder 的三个项目和 Bruininks-Oseretsky 运动能力测试第二版的一个项目进行评估。执行功能使用威斯康星卡片分类测试（言语工作记忆）、视空间记忆测试（视空间工作记忆）、停止信号测试（反应抑制）和改良版 Flanker 测试（干扰控制）进行评估。通过对停止信号任务的 go 试验进行外高斯分析获得了信息处理和注意力不集中的数据。多水平回归分析显示，粗大运动技能与言语工作记忆、视空间工作记忆和反应抑制显著相关，但与干扰控制无关。注意力不集中是所有执行功能的重要预测指标，而处理速度则不是。处理速度的变异性仅可预测视空间工作记忆。在控制了信息处理和注意力不集中后，粗大运动技能仅与视空间工作记忆和反应抑制显著相关。结果表明，在控制了信息处理和注意力不集中后，粗大运动技能与最直接涉及、并与粗大运动技能共享共同潜在过程的执行功能方面有关。
