BioEngine, Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; CentrEau, Centre de Recherche sur l'eau, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
BioEngine, Research Team on Green Process Engineering and Biorefineries, Chemical Engineering Department, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
Waste Manag. 2020 Feb 1;102:12-20. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.030. Epub 2019 Oct 22.
The combination of increased maritime transportation and the sensitivity of the Baltic Sea makes it necessary to establish efficient, eco-friendly and profitable ship-generated waste management strategies. This study aims to identify best management practices for ship-generated nutrient-rich organic wastes, i.e. food waste and sewage, on the Baltic Sea. Ship-generated waste quantities and characteristics, maritime waste regulations, and disposal methods are reviewed and discussed according to the available literature for the Ports of Helsinki, Stockholm, Tallinn and Copenhagen Malmö, which are the most important and busiest ports on the Baltic Sea. Sorting onboard and separation of food waste from other waste sources such as sewage and grey water is a suitable solution that facilitates further treatment. However, this procedure demands special facilities and sufficient storage space. Aforementioned food waste can be delivered to port reception facilities (PRFs) and used to produce biogas at land. However, currently only food waste from ships operating in the EU may be used as input for biogas production, not international food waste. Grinding of food waste and discharge into the sea is still common practice. In addition, shipping companies can choose buffet type restaurants in order to reduce food waste generation. Grey wastewater is generally discharged into the sea, whereas sewage needs to be treated on board before discharge or delivered to PRFs for treatment. New MARPOL regulations for passenger ships on the Baltic Sea require advanced treatment of pollutant nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, before sewage discharge in order to combat eutrophication of this sensitive area.
增加的海上运输和波罗的海的敏感性使得建立高效、环保和盈利的船舶产生废物管理策略成为必要。本研究旨在确定波罗的海船舶产生的营养丰富的有机废物（即食物废物和污水）的最佳管理实践。根据赫尔辛基、斯德哥尔摩、塔林和哥本哈根-马尔默等波罗的海最重要和最繁忙港口的现有文献，审查和讨论了船舶废物数量和特性、海上废物法规以及处置方法。在船上进行分类以及将食物废物与其他废物源（如污水和灰水）分离是一种合适的解决方案，可便于进一步处理。然而，这一程序需要特殊设施和足够的存储空间。上述食物废物可运至港口接收设施（PRFs），并在陆地上用于生产沼气。然而，目前只有在欧盟运营的船舶的食物废物才可作为沼气生产的投入，而不是国际食物废物。将食物废物粉碎并排入大海仍然是常见做法。此外，航运公司可以选择自助餐式餐厅，以减少食物废物的产生。灰水通常排入大海，而污水在排放前需要在船上进行处理或运至 PRFs 进行处理。波罗的海客船的新 MARPOL 法规要求在排放污水之前对污染物营养物、氮和磷进行高级处理，以防止该敏感区域发生富营养化。
