Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, College of Engineering Technology,University Malaysia Pahang, Tun Razak Highway, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Oct 28;38(1):430. doi: 10.1186/s13046-019-1443-1.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex and aggressive type of breast cancer encountered world widely in women. Absence of hormonal receptors on breast cancer cells necessitates the chemotherapy as the only treatment regime. High propensity to metastasize and relapse in addition to poor prognosis and survival motivated the oncologist, nano-medical scientist to develop novel and efficient nanotherapies to solve such a big TNBC challenge. Recently, the focus for enhanced availability, targeted cellular uptake with minimal toxicity is achieved by nano-carriers. These smart nano-carriers carrying all the necessary arsenals (drugs, tracking probe, and ligand) designed in such a way that specifically targets the TNBC cells at site. Articulating the targeted delivery system with multifunctional molecules for high specificity, tracking, diagnosis, and treatment emerged as theranostic approach. In this review, in addition to classical treatment modalities, recent advances in nanotheranostics for early and effective diagnostic and treatment is discussed. This review highlighted the recently FDA approved immunotherapy and all the ongoing clinical trials for TNBC, in addition to nanoparticle assisted immunotherapy. Futuristic but realistic advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning not only improve early diagnosis but also assist clinicians for their workup in TNBC. The novel concept of Nanoparticles induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) as a way of tumor invasion is also discussed in addition to classical EPR effect. This review intends to provide basic insight and understanding of the novel nano-therapeutic modalities in TNBC diagnosis and treatment and to sensitize the readers for continue designing the novel nanomedicine. This is the first time that designing nanoparticles with stoichiometric definable number of antibodies per nanoparticle now represents the next level of precision by design in nanomedicine.
三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）是全球女性中最复杂和侵袭性最强的乳腺癌类型。乳腺癌细胞缺乏激素受体，因此需要化疗作为唯一的治疗方案。由于转移和复发的倾向高、预后和生存率差，肿瘤学家和纳米医学科学家促使开发新型有效的纳米疗法来解决这一重大的 TNBC 挑战。最近，纳米载体的高可用性和靶向细胞摄取、最小毒性的特点得到了关注。这些携带所有必要武器（药物、跟踪探针和配体）的智能纳米载体被设计成专门针对 TNBC 细胞的靶向药物。通过多功能分子将靶向递药系统与高特异性、跟踪、诊断和治疗相结合，已成为一种治疗方法。在这篇综述中，除了经典的治疗方法外，还讨论了纳米治疗在早期有效诊断和治疗中的最新进展。本文综述了最近 FDA 批准的免疫疗法和所有正在进行的 TNBC 临床试验，以及纳米颗粒辅助免疫疗法。人工智能（AI）和机器学习的未来但现实的进步不仅可以提高早期诊断，还可以帮助临床医生进行 TNBC 的诊断。还讨论了纳米颗粒诱导的内皮通透性（NanoEL）作为肿瘤侵袭的一种方式，以及经典的 EPR 效应。本文综述旨在提供 TNBC 诊断和治疗中新型纳米治疗方法的基本见解和理解，并使读者对继续设计新型纳米医学敏感。设计具有每个纳米颗粒规定数量抗体的纳米颗粒是纳米医学设计的下一个水平。
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