Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 25 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany.
Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Chair Food Biofunctionality , University of Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 28 , 70599 Stuttgart , Germany.
J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Nov 27;67(47):13164-13175. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06098. Epub 2019 Nov 15.
The carotenogenesis in the endocarp and flavedo of Navel oranges over four consecutive maturity stages was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-multistage mass spectrometry. After optimization of the extraction method, 77 carotenoids, including 26 monoesters and 33 diesters of violaxanthin, β-citraurin, and antheraxanthin, were characterized. Whereas chloroplast-specific pigments, such as (all-)-lutein and (all-)-β-carotene, predominated in the flavedo of green-ripe fruit, a highly complex pattern of xanthophyll esters was found in the mature oranges. Total carotenoid contents of flavedo were approximately 9-fold higher [12 605 μg/100 g of fresh weight (FW)] than those in the endocarp (1354 μg/100 g of FW) at the fully mature stage. The mature endocarp abundantly contained violaxanthin mono- and diesters, in addition to diverse antheraxanthin esters, which were exclusively detected in this fruit fraction. Likewise, β-citraurin esters were found to be unique flavedo constituents of mature fruit. Therefore, they may support the detection of fraudulent use of peel fractions during orange juice production.
采用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-大气压化学电离-多级质谱法评估了连续四个成熟阶段脐橙的内果皮和桔皮中的类胡萝卜素生物合成。在优化提取方法后，鉴定出 77 种类胡萝卜素，包括 26 种叶黄素、β-隐黄质和玉米黄质的单酯和 33 种二酯。虽然质体特异性色素，如（全）-叶黄素和（全）-β-胡萝卜素，在绿熟果实的桔皮中占优势，但在成熟的橙子中发现了高度复杂的叶黄素酯模式。在完全成熟阶段，桔皮中的类胡萝卜素总量（约 12605μg/100gFW）是内果皮（1354μg/100gFW）的约 9 倍。成熟的内果皮除了检测到多种玉米黄质酯外，还富含叶黄素单酯和二酯，这些酯仅在这个果实部分中被检测到。同样，β-隐黄质酯被发现是成熟果实桔皮特有的成分。因此，它们可能有助于检测在橙汁生产过程中果皮部分的欺诈性使用。
