Carriage of and other species among children and young adults in Paraguay.

Colonization by is the pre-requisite for the development of disease. We present the findings of a cross-sectional investigation onto the oropharyngeal carriage of and species in the population aged 3 to 21 in Paraguay. Carriage prevalence by age groups, risk factors associated with carriage, and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of strains are described. We collected 2011 oropharyngeal swabs from consenting participants aged 3-21 years. Infants were recruited at immunization clinics, and older children and young adults were identified at schools and universities. A single oropharyngeal swab was collected and processed for the identification and isolation of . Additionally, participants, or their legal guardian if these were minors, were requested to fill a standardized questionnaire. was isolated in 42/2011 (2.1 %) participants, while other spp. were identified in 306/2011 (15.2 %) subjects: and were identified in 39/2011 (1.9 %) and 43/2011 (2.2 %), respectively. Meningococcal strains belonged to ten different clonal complexes, of which six are associated with invasive disease (ST-32/ET5 complex, ST-11/ET37 complex, ST-103 complex, ST-167 complex, ST-35 complex and ST-41/44 complex/lineage 3). Prevalence of carriage was low compared to that reported from other settings, however, the overall carriage of spp. (including ) was comparable to meningococcal carriage prevalence reported in the literature. This study is the first of its kind conducted in Paraguay, and one of the few known in the Southern Cone of Latin America.