USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Lab for Urban Environmental Justice and Sustainability, Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Int. 2020 Jan;134:105237. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105237. Epub 2019 Oct 30.
Exposure to natural outdoor environments (NOE) has been shown in population-level studies to reduce anxiety and psychological distress. This study investigated how exposure to one's everyday natural outdoor environments over one week influenced mood among residents of four European cities including Barcelona (Spain), Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom), Doetinchem (The Netherlands) and Kaunas (Lithuania). Participants (n = 368) wore a smartphone equipped with software applications to track location and mood (using mobile ecological momentary assessment (EMA) software), for seven consecutive days. We estimated random-effects ordered logistic regression models to examine the association between mood (positive and negative affect), and exposure to green space, represented by two binary variables indicating exposure versus no exposure to NOE using GPS tracking and satellite and aerial imagery, 10 and 30 min prior to participants' completing the EMA. Models were adjusted for home city, day of the week, hour of the day, EMA survey type, residential NOE exposure, and sex, age, education level, mental health status and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. In addition, we tested for heterogeneity of effect by city, sex, age, residential NOE exposure and mental health status. Within 10 min of NOE exposure, compared to non-exposure, we found that overall there was a positive relationship with positive affect (OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.81) of EMA surveys, and non-significant negative association with negative affect (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.10). When stratifying, associations were consistently found for Stoke-on-Trent inhabitants and men, while findings by age group were inconsistent. Weaker and less consistent associations were found for exposure 30 min prior to EMA. Our findings support increasing evidence of psychological and mental health benefits of exposure to natural outdoor environments, especially among urban populations such as those included in our study.
暴露于自然户外环境 (NOE) 已在人群水平的研究中表明可降低焦虑和心理困扰。本研究调查了一周内暴露于日常自然户外环境如何影响四个欧洲城市（包括巴塞罗那[西班牙]、斯托克顿-特伦特[英国]、多廷赫姆[荷兰]和考纳斯[立陶宛]）的居民的情绪。参与者（n=368）佩戴配备了软件应用程序的智能手机，以通过移动生态瞬间评估（EMA）软件跟踪位置和情绪，连续七天。我们估计了随机效应有序逻辑回归模型，以检查情绪（积极和消极影响）与绿色空间暴露之间的关联，这是通过 GPS 跟踪和卫星和航空图像表示的两个二进制变量来表示的，参与者在完成 EMA 之前的 10 和 30 分钟。模型调整了所在城市、一周中的天数、一天中的小时、EMA 调查类型、居住环境的 NOE 暴露以及性别、年龄、教育水平、心理健康状况和邻里社会经济地位。此外，我们还按城市、性别、年龄、居住环境的 NOE 暴露和心理健康状况测试了效果的异质性。在 10 分钟的 NOE 暴露后，与非暴露相比，我们发现 EMA 调查的整体积极影响呈正相关（OR：1.39，95%CI：1.06，1.81），与消极影响呈非显著负相关（OR：0.80，95%CI：0.58，1.10）。分层时，发现与斯托克顿-特伦特居民和男性存在一致的关联，而按年龄组的发现则不一致。在 EMA 之前 30 分钟的暴露中，发现的关联较弱且不一致。我们的研究结果支持越来越多的证据表明，暴露于自然户外环境对心理和心理健康有益，特别是在像我们研究中的那些城市人口中。
