The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Instituto de Salud Global Barcelona (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
Environ Res. 2021 Jun;197:110992. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110992. Epub 2021 Mar 8.
Physical activity can be affected by both meteorological conditions and surrounding greenness, but few studies have evaluated the effects of these environmental factors on physical activity simultaneously. This multi-city comparative study aimed to assess the synergetic effects of apparent temperature and surrounding greenness on physical activity in four European cities. Specifically, we aimed to identify an interaction between surrounding greenness and apparent temperature in the effects on physical activity.
Data were collected from 352 adult residents of Barcelona (Spain), Stoke-on-Trent (United Kingdom), Doetinchem (The Netherlands), and Kaunas (Lithuania) as part of the PHENOTYPE study. Participants wore a smartphone for seven consecutive days between May-December 2013 and provided additional sociodemographic survey data. Hourly average physical activity (Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)) and surrounding greenness (NDVI) were derived from the Calfit mobile application collecting accelerometer and location data. Hourly apparent temperature was calculated from temperature and relative humidity, which were obtained from local meteorological stations along with other meteorological covariates (rainfall, windspeed, and sky darkness). We assessed the interaction effects of apparent temperature and surrounding greenness on hourly physical activity for each city using linear mixed models, while adjusting for meteorological, demographic, and time-related variables.
We found significant interactions between apparent temperature and surrounding greenness on hourly physical activity in three of four cities, aside from the coastal city of Barcelona. Significant quadratic effects of apparent temperature were found in the highest level of surrounding greenness for Stoke-on-Trent and Doetinchem, with 4% decrease in median MET observed for a 10°C departure from optimal temperature (15.2°C and 14.6°C, respectively). Significant linear effects were found for higher levels of surrounding greenness in Kaunas, whereby an increase of 10°C was associated with ∼4% increase in median MET.
Apparent temperature and surrounding greenness interacted in the effect on hourly physical activity across three of four European cities, with varying effect between cities. While quadratic effects of temperature suggest diminishing levels of physical activity in the highest greenness levels in cities of temperate climates, the variation in surrounding greenness between cities could be further explored, particularly by looking at indoor-outdoor locations. The study findings support the need for evidence-based physical activity promotion and urban design.
体力活动可能受到气象条件和周围绿化的影响，但很少有研究同时评估这些环境因素对体力活动的影响。本项多城市比较研究旨在评估四个欧洲城市中表观温度和周围绿化对体力活动的协同影响。具体而言，我们旨在确定周围绿化与表观温度在对体力活动的影响之间的相互作用。
数据来自巴塞罗那（西班牙）、斯托克顿-特伦特（英国）、多廷赫姆（荷兰）和考纳斯（立陶宛）的 352 名成年居民，作为 PHENOTYPE 研究的一部分。参与者在 2013 年 5 月至 12 月期间连续佩戴智能手机 7 天，并提供了额外的社会人口学调查数据。通过 Calfit 移动应用程序收集加速度计和位置数据，得出每小时平均体力活动（代谢当量（MET））和周围绿化（NDVI）。每小时表观温度是根据从当地气象站获得的温度和相对湿度以及其他气象协变量（降雨量、风速和天空暗度）计算得出的。我们使用线性混合模型评估了每个城市中表观温度和周围绿化对每小时体力活动的相互作用效应，同时调整了气象、人口统计学和时间相关变量。
我们发现，除了沿海城市巴塞罗那之外，在四个城市中的三个城市中，表观温度和周围绿化对每小时体力活动均存在显著的相互作用。在斯托克顿-特伦特和多廷赫姆，最高水平的周围绿化中发现了表观温度的显著二次效应，与最佳温度（15.2°C 和 14.6°C）相差 10°C 时，中位数 MET 观察到 4%的下降。在考纳斯，与周围绿化水平较高有关，当温度升高 10°C 时，中位数 MET 增加了约 4%。
在四个欧洲城市中的三个城市中，表观温度和周围绿化对每小时体力活动的影响存在相互作用，不同城市之间的作用存在差异。虽然温度的二次效应表明在温带气候城市的最高绿化水平下体力活动水平下降，但城市之间周围绿化的差异仍需进一步探讨，特别是通过观察室内外位置。研究结果支持基于证据的体力活动促进和城市设计的必要性。
