Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
J Cell Biochem. 2020 Jan;121(1):7-16. doi: 10.1002/jcb.29120. Epub 2019 Nov 8.
Exosomes are mobile extracellular vesicles with a diameter 40 to 150 nm. They play a critical role in several processes such as the development of cancers, intercellular signaling, drug resistance mechanisms, and cell-to-cell communication by fusion onto the cell membrane of recipient cells. These vesicles contain endogenous proteins and both noncoding and coding RNAs (microRNA and messenger RNAs) that can be delivered to various types of cells. Furthermore, exosomes exist in body fluids such as plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Therefore, they could be used as a novel carrier to deliver therapeutic nucleic-acid drugs for cancer therapy. It was recently documented that, hypoxia promotes exosomes secretion in different tumor types leading to the activation of vascular cells and angiogenesis. Cancer cell-derived exosomes (CCEs) have been used as prognostic and diagnostic markers in many types of cancers because exosomes are stable at 4°C and -70°C. CCEs have many functional roles in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Consequently, this review presents the data about the therapeutic application of exosomes and the role of CCEs in cancer invasion, drug resistance, and metastasis.
外泌体是一种直径为 40 至 150nm 的可移动细胞外囊泡。它们在多种过程中发挥关键作用，如癌症的发展、细胞间信号转导、药物耐药机制以及通过融合到受体细胞的细胞膜而进行的细胞间通讯。这些囊泡包含内源性蛋白质以及非编码和编码 RNA（miRNA 和信使 RNA），可以递送到各种类型的细胞。此外，外泌体存在于体液中，如血浆、脑脊液和尿液中。因此，它们可以用作新型载体来递送电疗核酸药物以进行癌症治疗。最近有文献记录，缺氧会促进不同肿瘤类型中外泌体的分泌，从而激活血管细胞和血管生成。癌细胞衍生的外泌体（CCE）已被用于多种类型癌症的预后和诊断标志物，因为外泌体在 4°C 和 -70°C 下稳定。CCE 在肿瘤发生、转移和侵袭中具有许多功能作用。因此，本综述介绍了外泌体的治疗应用以及 CCE 在癌症侵袭、耐药性和转移中的作用的数据。
