Biogas production from palm oil mill effluent and empty fruit bunches by coupled liquid and solid-state anaerobic digestion.

Biogas production of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and empty fruit bunches (EFB) was performed by coupled liquid (L-AD) and solid-state (SS-AD) anaerobic digestion processes. POME was fed to L-AD digester, while mixed of effluent from L-AD and EFB was fed to SS-AD digester. The maximum overall methane production of 60.9 m-CH·ton waste was obtained at an optimal hydraulic retention time of 30 days and an organic loading rate of 1.66 gVS·L-reactor·d for L-AD and 6.03 gVS·L-reactor·d for SS-AD with L-AD effluent recycling rate of 16.7 mL·L-reactor·d. The bacterial community in the L-AD reactor was different from the SS-AD reactor, while the archaeal community was similar in both reactors. Synergistaceae, Caldicoprobacteraceae and Lachnospiraceae were increased in the SS-AD reactor. Coupling L-AD and SS-AD is able to increase energy production by 29% and 71% compared to the L-AD and SS-AD alone, respectively, with no outsource SS-AD inoculum required.