State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2020 Mar 5;385:121511. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121511. Epub 2019 Oct 24.
Black-odorous rivers and lakes are a serious environmental problem and are frequently reported in China. Despite this, there have been no comprehensive in-depth reviews of black-odorous water formation mechanisms, contributing factors and potential treatment technologies. Elements such as S, C and N play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of black-odorous waterbodies, with water blackening caused by metal sulfides such as iron sulfide (FeS) and manganese sulfide (MnS). Volatile substances such as volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) are the main contributors of odor. Microorganisms such as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria play important roles in blackening and odor formation processes. Effectiveness of the commonly used treatments methods for black-odorous waterbodies, such as artificial aeration, sediment dredging, microbial enhanced technologies and constructed wetlands, varies significantly under different conditions. In contrast, bio-ecological engineering technologies exhibit comprehensive, long-lasting and economical treatment effects. The causes and mechanisms of black-odorous water formation require further investigation, as well as the optimal application conditions and mechanisms of treatment technologies. This study comprehensively reviews 1) the characteristics and current distribution of black-odorous waterbodies; 2) the compounds contributing to black-odorous phenomenon; 3) black-odorous waterbody production mechanisms; 4) treatment technologies for black-odorous waterbodies. Further studies on the mechanisms of blackening and odor formation are required, with treatment application conditions and mechanisms also requiring further clarification. In addition, the long-term ecological restoration of black-odorous rivers immediately after remediation is key issue that is easily overlooked but merits further investigation and development.
黑臭水体是中国严重的环境问题，经常有报道。尽管如此，对于黑臭水体的形成机制、影响因素和潜在处理技术，还没有全面深入的综述。S、C 和 N 等元素在黑臭水体的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用，水体变黑是由硫化亚铁（FeS）和硫化锰（MnS）等金属硫化物引起的。挥发性物质，如挥发性有机硫化合物（VOSCs），是气味的主要贡献者。硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、拟杆菌门和变形菌门等微生物在黑臭和气味形成过程中起着重要作用。人工曝气、底泥疏浚、微生物强化技术和人工湿地等常用的黑臭水体处理方法在不同条件下的效果差异很大。相比之下，生物生态工程技术具有全面、持久和经济的处理效果。黑臭水体形成的原因和机制需要进一步研究，以及处理技术的最佳应用条件和机制。本研究全面综述了 1）黑臭水体的特征和分布现状；2）导致黑臭现象的化合物；3）黑臭水体的产生机制；4）黑臭水体的处理技术。需要进一步研究黑臭和恶臭形成的机制，还需要进一步澄清处理应用条件和机制。此外，黑臭河流在修复后的长期生态恢复是一个容易被忽视但值得进一步研究和发展的关键问题。
