International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
PLoS One. 2019 Nov 13;14(11):e0225172. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225172. eCollection 2019.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one of the major global threats to human security, has serious negative consequences for both health and economies. Excessive and inappropriate uses of antibiotics are the main drivers of the emergence of resistant bacterial strains. In Thailand, antibiotics have been used in citrus production since 2012 to treat citrus greening disease or Huanglongbing disease, despite no antibiotics being registered for use in mandarin. This raises concerns about irrational use of antibiotics, which can cause AMR.
To assess the status of greening disease and the use of antibiotics in mandarin production.
A face-to-face interview survey in 2017 with 221 mandarin growers in two major mandarin-producing areas.
Greening disease is one of the most serious diseases in mandarins and farmers in the two major mandarin-producing areas in Thailand used ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline and penicillin to treat it. As no antibiotics are registered for use in plants, farmers used antibiotics (registered with the Thai Food and Drug Administration) for human use, either active pharmaceutical ingredients or finished products. They commonly purchased them from retail pharmacies or agrochemical suppliers. Farmers were influenced to use antibiotics by their orchard neighbours and advice from a few academics. The farmers injected antibiotics into the tree trunks approximately three to four times a year and stopped for more than two months before harvesting for in-season fruits.
Antibiotics registered for human use are being applied to control greening diseases. We recommend scaling up sustainable disease control measures and curtail the use of antibiotics through close and effective dialogue among 'One Health' partners.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是对人类安全的主要全球威胁之一，对健康和经济都有严重的负面影响。抗生素的过度和不当使用是耐药菌株出现的主要驱动因素。在泰国，自 2012 年以来，抗生素就被用于柑橘生产来治疗柑橘黄龙病，但柑橘却没有被注册使用抗生素。这引发了对抗生素不合理使用的担忧，这可能导致 AMR。
评估黄龙病的现状和在柑橘生产中抗生素的使用情况。
2017 年对泰国两个主要柑橘产区的 221 名柑橘种植者进行了面对面访谈调查。
黄龙病是柑橘最严重的疾病之一，泰国两个主要柑橘产区的农民使用氨苄西林、阿莫西林、四环素和青霉素来治疗它。由于没有抗生素在植物上注册，农民使用（经泰国食品药品监督管理局注册）的人用抗生素，无论是原料药还是成品药。他们通常从零售药店或农药供应商处购买。农民受到果园邻居和少数学术人员的影响而使用抗生素。农民每年大约向树干注射抗生素 3 到 4 次，在收获当季水果前停止使用超过两个月。
正在应用人用抗生素来控制黄龙病。我们建议通过“同一健康”伙伴之间的密切和有效的对话，扩大可持续疾病控制措施并减少抗生素的使用。
