Departamento de Medicina Animal/Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Departamento de Zootecnia/Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
J Anim Sci. 2019 Dec 17;97(12):4957-4964. doi: 10.1093/jas/skz349.
The effects of two different feeding levels, offered in two phases during gestation, on body measurements and litter traits were evaluated in 152 gilts and 551 sows. The treatments consisted of the combination of two gestation phases (phase 1-days 22 to 42; phase 2-days 90 to 110) and two feed amounts (1.8 or 3.5 kg/d). Females were weighed on days 22, 42, 90, and 110 of gestation. Born alive and stillborn piglets were weighed within 12 h of birth. Total placental efficiency (ratio between litter weight and total placental weight) was measured in 518 females. Variables concerning body measurements at days 42 and 90 of gestation were analyzed considering the effects of feed amount, parity order (PO) and its interaction as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Body measurements at day 110 of gestation and litter traits were analyzed considering the effects of feed amounts in phase 1, feed amounts in phase 2, PO and their interactions, as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. As expected, BW, backfat, and caliper units were greater at days 42, 90, and 110 (P ≤ 0.006) for females fed 3.5 kg/d during the previous phase than those fed 1.8 kg. No differences were observed among feed levels in total number of piglets born, mummified fetuses, sum of born alive and stillborn piglets, and within-litter birth weight CV (P ≥ 0.118). The percentage of stillborn piglets was affected by a three-way interaction (feed level at phase 1 × feed level at phase 2 × PO). Gilts fed 1.8 kg/d at phase 1 and 3.5 kg/d at phase 2 had fewer stillborn piglets than the other females (P ≤ 0.004). Birth weight was not affected by feed levels (P ≥ 0.153); however, sows had heavier piglets than gilts (P < 0.001). Females fed 3.5 kg/d during phase 2 tended to have heavier litters (P = 0.054) than those fed 1.8 kg/d. Feeding a high level at phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets in gilts, but not in sows (feed level phase 2 × PO; P = 0.031). Total placental weight, average placental weight, and total placental efficiency were not affected by feed level at phase 1, feed level at phase 2 or interactions (P > 0.14). Sows had total placental weight and average placental weight greater (P ≤ 0.003) than gilts. In conclusion, increasing feed intake during phase 1, phase 2, or both phases resulted in increased maternal BW gain, without expressive effects on litter traits. Feeding 3.5 kg/d to gilts during phase 2 reduced the occurrence of lightweight piglets.
本研究评估了在妊娠的两个阶段提供两种不同的喂养水平（152 头母猪和 551 头母猪）对体尺和窝特性的影响。处理包括两个妊娠阶段（阶段 1-第 22 至 42 天；阶段 2-第 90 至 110 天）和两种饲料量（1.8 或 3.5kg/d）的组合。母猪在妊娠第 22、42、90 和 110 天称重。在出生后 12 小时内对活产和死产仔猪进行称重。在 518 头母猪中测量总胎盘效率（窝重与总胎盘重的比值）。在考虑饲料量、胎次顺序（PO）及其相互作用的影响时，分析了妊娠第 42 和 90 天的体尺变量，这是一个 2×2 析因设计。在考虑了第 1 阶段的饲料量、第 2 阶段的饲料量、PO 及其相互作用的影响时，分析了妊娠第 110 天的体尺和窝特性，这是一个 2×2×2 析因设计。如预期的那样，第 42、90 和 110 天（P≤0.006）时，饲喂前一阶段 3.5kg/d 的母猪的 BW、背膘和卡尺单位都大于饲喂 1.8kg/d 的母猪。在总产仔数、木乃伊化胎儿、活产和死产仔猪总和以及窝内出生体重变异系数（CV）方面，没有观察到饲料水平之间的差异（P≥0.118）。死产仔猪的比例受到三因素相互作用（第 1 阶段的饲料水平×第 2 阶段的饲料水平×PO）的影响。在第 1 阶段饲喂 1.8kg/d、第 2 阶段饲喂 3.5kg/d 的母猪比其他母猪的死产仔猪更少（P≤0.004）。出生体重不受饲料水平的影响（P≥0.153）；然而，母猪的仔猪比母猪重（P<0.001）。在第 2 阶段饲喂 3.5kg/d 的母猪倾向于拥有更重的窝（P=0.054）比饲喂 1.8kg/d 的母猪。在第 2 阶段饲喂高水平饲料减少了后备母猪中轻体重仔猪的发生，但对母猪没有影响（饲料水平第 2 阶段×PO；P=0.031）。在第 1 阶段的饲料水平、第 2 阶段的饲料水平或相互作用方面，总胎盘重量、平均胎盘重量和总胎盘效率不受影响（P>0.14）。母猪的总胎盘重量和平均胎盘重量大于后备母猪（P≤0.003）。总之，在第 1 阶段、第 2 阶段或两个阶段增加饲料摄入量会导致母体 BW 增加，而对窝特性没有显著影响。在第 2 阶段给后备母猪饲喂 3.5kg/d 可减少轻体重仔猪的发生。
