Patience John F, Ramirez Alejandro
Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Oro Valley, AZ 85737, USA.
Transl Anim Sci. 2022 May 16;6(3):txac063. doi: 10.1093/tas/txac063. eCollection 2022 Jul.
The discovery of the use of antibiotics to enhance growth in the 1950s proved to be one of the most dramatic and influential in the history of animal agriculture. Antibiotics have served animal agriculture, as well as human and animal medicine, well for more than seven decades, but emerging from this tremendous success has been the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, human medicine and animal agriculture are being called upon, through legislation and/or marketplace demands, to reduce or eliminate antibiotics as growth promotants and even as therapeutics. As explained in this review, adoption of antibiotic-free () pork production would represent a sea change. By identifying key areas requiring attention, the clear message of this review is that success with ABF production, also referred to as "no antibiotics ever," demands a multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. Too frequently, the topic has been approached in a piecemeal fashion by considering only one aspect of production, such as the use of certain feed additives or the adjustment in health management. Based on the literature and on practical experience, a more holistic approach is essential. It will require the modification of diet formulations to not only provide essential nutrients and energy, but to also maximize the effectiveness of normal immunological and physiological capabilities that support good health. It must also include the selection of effective non-antibiotic feed additives along with functional ingredients that have been shown to improve the utility and architecture of the gastrointestinal tract, to improve the microbiome, and to support the immune system. This holistic approach will require refining animal management strategies, including selection for more robust genetics, greater focus on care during the particularly sensitive perinatal and post-weaning periods, and practices that minimize social and environmental stressors. A clear strategy is needed to reduce pathogen load in the barn, such as greater emphasis on hygiene and biosecurity, adoption of a strategic vaccine program and the universal adoption of all-in-all-out housing. Of course, overall health management of the herd, as well as the details of animal flows, cannot be ignored. These management areas will support the basic biology of the pig in avoiding or, where necessary, overcoming pathogen challenges without the need for antibiotics, or at least with reduced usage.
20世纪50年代发现抗生素可促进生长，这一发现被证明是动物养殖业历史上最具戏剧性和影响力的事件之一。七十多年来，抗生素在动物养殖以及人类和动物医学领域都发挥了很好的作用，但在取得这一巨大成功的同时也出现了抗菌药物耐药性现象。因此，通过立法和/或市场需求，人类医学和动物养殖业被要求减少或消除抗生素作为生长促进剂甚至治疗剂的使用。正如本综述所解释的那样，采用无抗生素（ABF）猪肉生产将带来巨大变化。通过确定需要关注的关键领域，本综述传递的明确信息是，ABF生产（也称为“从未使用过抗生素”）的成功需要多方面、多学科的方法。人们常常只是从生产的某一个方面，比如使用某些饲料添加剂或调整健康管理，来零碎地处理这个问题。基于文献和实践经验，更全面的方法至关重要。这将需要修改日粮配方，不仅要提供必需的营养和能量，还要最大限度地提高支持良好健康的正常免疫和生理能力的有效性。它还必须包括选择有效的非抗生素饲料添加剂以及已被证明能改善胃肠道功能和结构、改善微生物群并支持免疫系统的功能性成分。这种全面的方法将需要完善动物管理策略，包括选择更健壮的遗传品种，更加关注特别敏感的围产期和断奶后时期的护理，以及尽量减少社会和环境压力源的做法。需要一个明确的策略来降低猪舍中的病原体负荷，比如更加重视卫生和生物安全，采用战略性疫苗计划以及全面采用全进全出的饲养方式。当然，畜群的整体健康管理以及动物流动的细节也不能忽视。这些管理领域将支持猪的基本生物学特性，使其在无需抗生素或至少减少抗生素使用的情况下避免或在必要时克服病原体挑战。
