Broadfield Nicholas, McHenry Melinda T
Geography and Spatial Sciences, The University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia.
Sun Pharmaceuticals Australia, 14 Henry Street, Latrobe, Tasmania 7307, Australia.
Plants (Basel). 2019 Nov 19;8(11):523. doi: 10.3390/plants8110523.
Gorse ( L.) is a woody legume and invasive woody weed that has been introduced to temperate pastoral landscapes worldwide. Despite the apparent cosmopolitan distribution of gorse across much of the temperate agroecological landscapes of the world, research and practice pertaining to the management of gorse has been largely constrained to single-treatments, regions, or timeframes. Gorse eradication has been widely attempted, with limited success. Using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) method and a quasi-metanalytical approach, we reviewed the seminal ~299 papers pertaining to gorse management. We identified (i) the ecological characteristics of the species that predispose gorse to behaving invasively, and (ii) the success of management actions (from a plant ecological life history perspective) in reducing weed vigour and impact. A broad ecological niche, high reproductive output, propagule persistence, and low vulnerability to pests allow for rapid landscape exploitation by gorse throughout much the world. Additionally, there are differences in flowering duration and season in the northern and southern hemisphere that make gorse particularly pernicious in the latter, as gorse flowers twice per year. The implications of these life history stages and resistance to environmental sieves after establishment are that activity and efficacy of control is more likely to be favourable in juvenile stages. Common approaches to gorse control, including herbicides, biological controls, and fire have not been ubiquitously successful, and may in fact target the very site resources-sward cover, soil stability, hydrological balance-that, when degraded, facilitate gorse invasion. Ongoing seedling regeneration presents difficulties if eradication is a goal, but facilitated competition may reduce costs via natural suppression. Mechanical methods of gorse removal, though highly successful, induce chronic soil erosion and land degradation and should hence be used sparingly.
荆豆（Ulex europaeus L.）是一种木本豆科植物，也是一种入侵性木本杂草，已被引入到世界各地的温带牧区景观中。尽管荆豆在世界许多温带农业生态景观中看似分布广泛，但有关荆豆管理的研究和实践在很大程度上局限于单一处理方式、地区或时间框架。人们广泛尝试根除荆豆，但成效有限。我们采用PRISMA（系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目）方法和一种准荟萃分析方法，对约299篇关于荆豆管理的重要论文进行了综述。我们确定了：（i）使荆豆具有入侵性的物种生态特征，以及（ii）（从植物生态生活史角度来看）管理措施在降低杂草活力和影响方面的成效。广泛的生态位、高繁殖产量、繁殖体持久性以及对害虫的低易感性，使得荆豆能够在世界许多地方迅速占据景观。此外，北半球和南半球的花期持续时间和季节存在差异，这使得荆豆在南半球尤为有害，因为荆豆每年开花两次。这些生活史阶段以及建立后对环境筛选的抗性所带来的影响是，在幼年期进行控制的活性和效果更可能是有利的。常用的荆豆控制方法，包括除草剂、生物防治和火烧，并非在所有地方都取得了成功，实际上可能针对的正是那些退化后会促进荆豆入侵的场地资源——草地覆盖、土壤稳定性、水文平衡。如果目标是根除，持续的幼苗再生会带来困难，但促进竞争可能通过自然抑制降低成本。机械清除荆豆的方法虽然非常成功，但会导致长期的土壤侵蚀和土地退化，因此应谨慎使用。
