Deoxygenation of pyrolysis vapour derived from durian shell using catalysts prepared from industrial wastes rich in Ca, Fe, Si and Al.

Catalysts prepared from industrial wastes rich in Fe, Ca, Si, and Al were used in catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapour derived from durian shell and their effect on product yield and properties were compared. With same silica-to-alumina ratio, catalyst prepared from oil palm ash (AS-OPA) with lower Fe and Ca contents gave higher liquid yield (8.32 wt%) with alcohols (28.90%), hydrocarbons (46.00%), and nitrogen-containing compounds (21.46%) while catalyst prepared from electric arc furnace slag (AS-EAF) with higher Fe and Ca contents produced lower liquid yield (50.21 wt%) with high amount of esters (25.80%) and hydrocarbons (72.82%). The presence of AS-OPA and AS-EAF catalysts enhanced deoxygenation degree of bio-oil to 81.13% and 85.49%, respectively. The catalytic performance of AS-EAF at different temperatures (400-600 °C) and AS-EAF/durian shell ratios (1:30, 2:30, 3:30) was investigated. Increasing catalytic temperature enhanced production of bio-oil, reduced oxygenates and enhanced formation of esters. The liquid yield and yield of esters decreased with increasing catalyst loading. Hydrocarbons (mainly neopentane) were the major chemical compounds found in bio-oil produced over AS-EAF. Besides that, AS-EAF showed good deoxygenation performance with highest selectivity of hydrocarbons at 500 °C and AS-EAF/durian shell ratio of 2:30. Catalytic fast pyrolysis of durian shell using waste-derived catalysts is an effective waste management strategy as the bio-oil produced can be a potential alternative source of energy or chemical feedstocks.