Usefulness of HMPAO-SPECT in the diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus.

BACKGROUND

The diagnosis of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can pose a challenge. Electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns can be difficult to interpret, and the absence of an EEG correlate does not rule out the diagnosis of NCSE. In this setting, neuroimaging tools to help in the diagnosis are crucial. Our aim was to evaluate the role of 99mTc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and quantitative HMPAO-SPECT (QtSPECT) in patients with clinical suspicion of NCSE, and to evaluate their value in the final diagnosis of NCSE.

METHODS

We recruited consecutive patients admitted in our center with suspicion of NCSE, and selected those who underwent an HMPAO-SPECT. All patients were admitted to the neurology ward and underwent an EEG. We divided the patients into those who were finally with diagnosed NCSE (NCSE-p) and those who were not (non-NCSE) according to the Salzburg Diagnostic EEG criteria. Sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic tools were calculated. The SPECTs were acquired in a Skylight SPECT (Philips Healthcare, Amsterdam). The injections were done during the clinical episode suspected of being an NCSE. The HMPAO-SPECT was analyzed by two experts and was also quantified. All data were normalized to the SPM SPECT template. We used an external healthy normal database to obtain a Z-score map for each individual versus the normal database. The Z-score maximum (Z) was extracted from each region of the AAL atlas as was the percentage of voxels with a Z-score higher than 2.5 (N(%)). A logistic regression combining the Z, N(%), and the effect of patient age was fitted to predict the final NCSE diagnosis. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) were obtained to evaluate the classification performance.

RESULTS

We included 55 patients, 21 of them women (38.9%), with a median age of 62.1 years old (range 25-84). Thirty-six patients were with diagnosed NCSE (62.9%). Initial EEG had a sensitivity of 61.1% and a specificity of 89%. Most of the patients were critically ill with diagnostic difficulties, and it could be one of the main reasons to find low sensitivity of the Salzburg diagnostic EEG criteria. The Z and N(%) were significantly higher in NCSE-p than in non-NCSE (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). The HMPAO-SPECT qualitative analysis had a sensitivity of 80.5% and specificity of 89.5% while QtSPECT had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 81%.

CONCLUSION

Both 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT and QtSPECT can be useful in the diagnosis of NCSE. This article is part of the Special Issue "Proceedings of the 7th London-Innsbruck Colloquium on Status Epilepticus and Acute Seizures".