Atma Jaya Neuroscience and Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jl. Pluit Raya No. 2, Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia.
Center of Health Research, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Feb;32(2):215-221. doi: 10.1007/s40520-019-01419-9. Epub 2019 Nov 21.
Among older adults, olfactory dysfunction is associated with cognitive impairment, lower quality of life, and increased mortality. While age is a risk factor for olfactory dysfunction, other risk factors are less well understood, and may vary between ethno-regional groups. This study investigated how associations between odour identification (OI) and various risk factors, as well as cognition and language ability, differed or were similar in two distinct ethno-regional groups of older adults.
This cross-sectional study used data from two cohorts: 470 Indonesians (aged 67.4 ± 7.4 years) and 819 white Australians (aged 78.7 ± 4.8 years). Univariate and multivariate analyses explored whether OI test scores were associated with age, sex, education, cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E ε4 status, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and depression scale scores, or with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and language test performance.
Univariate analyses identified some factors associated with OI scores in both Indonesians and white Australians, including older age and smoking with lower scores, and MMSE and language test performance with higher scores. Multivariate analyses yielded different and mutually exclusive patterns of associations in the two ethno-regional groups, with language test scores significantly associated with higher OI scores in Indonesians, and age, being male, smoking, having diabetes and higher depression scale scores significantly associated with lower OI scores in white Australians.
Ethno-regional differences may need consideration in the attempt to fully understand associations between OI and negative outcomes like dementia and mortality, and interventions for olfactory dysfunction might need to be tailored to specific ethno-regional groups. However, the difference in mean age between cohorts is a limitation of this study, and future studies should aim to compare populations with similar age distributions.
在老年人中，嗅觉功能障碍与认知障碍、生活质量下降和死亡率增加有关。虽然年龄是嗅觉功能障碍的一个风险因素，但其他风险因素了解得较少，而且在不同的种族和地区群体之间可能有所不同。本研究调查了在两个不同的种族和地区的老年人群体中，气味识别（OI）与各种风险因素之间的关联，以及与认知和语言能力之间的关联，在不同或相似方面的情况。
本横断面研究使用了两个队列的数据：470 名印度尼西亚人（年龄 67.4±7.4 岁）和 819 名白种澳大利亚人（年龄 78.7±4.8 岁）。单变量和多变量分析探讨了 OI 测试分数是否与年龄、性别、教育程度、胆固醇水平、载脂蛋白 E ε4 状态、吸烟、糖尿病、高血压和抑郁量表评分，或与简易精神状态检查（MMSE）和语言测试表现有关。
单变量分析确定了一些与印度尼西亚人和白种澳大利亚人 OI 分数相关的因素，包括年龄较大和吸烟导致分数较低，以及 MMSE 和语言测试表现与分数较高有关。多变量分析在两个种族群体中产生了不同且相互排斥的关联模式，语言测试分数与印度尼西亚人的 OI 分数显著相关，而年龄、性别、吸烟、糖尿病和更高的抑郁量表分数与白种澳大利亚人的 OI 分数显著相关。
在试图充分理解 OI 与痴呆和死亡率等负面结果之间的关联时，种族和地区差异可能需要考虑，并且嗅觉功能障碍的干预措施可能需要针对特定的种族和地区群体进行调整。然而，队列之间的平均年龄差异是本研究的一个限制，未来的研究应该旨在比较具有相似年龄分布的人群。
