Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
School of Human Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Nov 21;16(23):4625. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16234625.
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is associated with altered cytokine levels in children. We sought to examine ETS exposure prevalence and the relationship between ETS exposure and cytokine levels in a sample of hospitalized children. (2) Methods: Inflammatory markers (IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α) and cotinine were measured in saliva of hospitalized, nonsmoking children (N = 112). To assess the association between ETS exposure and immune system response, we built a multivariate regression model including the four inflammatory markers as the response variables and cotinine, age, sex, and discharge diagnosis as explanatory variables while assessing possible interaction effects. (3) Results: Mean age (SD) was 5.8(5.0) years; Geometric Mean (GeoM) cotinine = 1.8 [95% CI = 1.4-2.2]. Children with non-inflammatory other diagnoses had lower IL-10 ( = 0.003) and TNF-α ( = 0.009) levels than children with inflammatory other diagnoses. Children with asthma ( = 0.01) and bacterial illnesses and/or pneumonia ( = 0.002) had higher IL-8 levels. Independent of diagnosis, there was a significant curvilinear association between cotinine and IL-1β ( = 0.002) reflecting no association for cotinine levels <5 ng/mL and a positive association for >5 ng/mL. (4) Conclusions: Children with higher ETS exposure levels have higher IL-1β levels regardless of age, sex, and diagnosis. ETS exposure may increase pro-inflammatory immune responses in children and may interfere with native immune responses and the ability to heal and fight infection.
环境烟草烟雾（ETS）暴露与儿童细胞因子水平改变有关。我们试图在住院儿童样本中检查 ETS 暴露的流行情况以及 ETS 暴露与细胞因子水平之间的关系。（2）方法：在唾液中测量住院不吸烟儿童（N=112）的炎症标志物（IL-8、IL-1β、IL-10 和 TNF-α）和可替宁。为了评估 ETS 暴露与免疫系统反应之间的关系，我们构建了一个多变量回归模型，将四个炎症标志物作为反应变量，可替宁、年龄、性别和出院诊断作为解释变量，同时评估可能的交互作用。（3）结果：平均年龄（SD）为 5.8（5.0）岁；几何平均值（GeoM）可替宁=1.8[95%CI=1.4-2.2]。患有非炎症性其他诊断的儿童的 IL-10（=0.003）和 TNF-α（=0.009）水平低于患有炎症性其他诊断的儿童。患有哮喘（=0.01）和细菌感染和/或肺炎（=0.002）的儿童的 IL-8 水平更高。独立于诊断，可替宁与 IL-1β之间存在显著的曲线关系（=0.002），反映出可替宁水平<5ng/mL 时无关联，>5ng/mL 时呈正相关。（4）结论：无论年龄、性别和诊断如何，暴露于较高 ETS 水平的儿童 IL-1β 水平更高。ETS 暴露可能会增加儿童的促炎免疫反应，并可能干扰内源性免疫反应以及治愈和抗感染的能力。
