International Economics and Management Department, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia; College of Business, Westcliff University, Irvine, CA, United States.
Faculty of Economics, and Administrative and Social Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Financial Technologies, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.
Sci Total Environ. 2020 Mar 15;708:134653. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134653. Epub 2019 Nov 23.
In spite of increased awareness and commitment to climate change, the world is yet to witness a dramatic downturn of pollutant emissions. With the strategic geographical location of Turkey and the country's energy and environmental degradation challenges, this study, therefore, attempts to investigate the linkages among carbon emissions, electricity consumption, economic growth and globalization in Turkey over the period 1970-2014. They posit a more robust interpretation within a multivariate arrangement by employing several econometric techniques such as the Bayer and Hanck (2013) cointegration procedure, the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration, ARDL short-run and long-run estimations, and the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality testing. From our findings, the policy variables relevant to pollution reduction in Turkey are electricity consumption and economic growth, and the common factor to these policy variables is fossil fuel consumption. There is no statistical indication that globalization impacts carbon emissions in Turkey. Our findings have the following important policy implications for Turkey and other countries with high records of carbon emissions; (i) the so-called fossil fuel capitalism needs to be overhauled, and a switch to low carbon, eco-friendly, energy mix content is required, (ii) renewable energy sources should be prioritized, (iii) adoption of electric vehicles not as complements to internal combustion engine vehicles but as substitutes should be encouraged, (iv) levying of environmentally sensitive taxes and subsidies should be intensified, and (v) better participation in the global drive for decarbonization should be encouraged. In summary, we advocate extensive planning and financing, and coordinated action across economic sectors and various stakeholders to achieve a low-carbon energy system.
尽管人们对气候变化的认识和承诺有所提高，但世界仍未见证污染物排放的急剧下降。由于土耳其的战略地理位置以及该国面临的能源和环境退化挑战，因此，本研究试图在 1970-2014 年期间研究土耳其的碳排放、电力消耗、经济增长和全球化之间的联系。他们通过采用多种计量经济学技术，如 Bayer 和 Hanck（2013）协整程序、ARDL 协整检验方法、ARDL 短期和长期估计以及 Toda-Yamamoto Granger 因果检验，在多元环境中提出了更稳健的解释。根据我们的发现，与土耳其减少污染相关的政策变量是电力消耗和经济增长，而这些政策变量的共同因素是化石燃料消耗。没有统计数据表明全球化对土耳其的碳排放产生影响。我们的研究结果对土耳其和其他碳排放记录较高的国家具有以下重要政策意义；（i）需要彻底改革所谓的化石燃料资本主义，转向低碳、环保、能源组合，（ii）应优先考虑可再生能源，（iii）应鼓励采用电动汽车而不是内燃机汽车作为替代品，（iv）应加强对环境敏感型税收和补贴的征收，（v）应鼓励更积极地参与全球脱碳运动。总之，我们主张在经济部门和各利益攸关方之间进行广泛的规划和融资，并采取协调行动，以实现低碳能源系统。
