Genetic evidence against monophyly of Oniscidea implies a need to revise scenarios for the origin of terrestrial isopods.

Among the few crustacean taxa that managed to inhabit terrestrial environments, Oniscidea includes the most successful colonizers in terms of species richness and abundance. However, neither morphological traits nor molecular markers have definitively resolved phylogenetic relationships among major Oniscidea clades or established the monophyly of the taxon. Herein, we employed the highly conserved, nuclear protein-coding genes Sodium-Potassium Pump (NAK) and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (PEPCK), along with the traditionally used 18 s and 28 s ribosomal RNA genes, in an attempt to clarify these questions. Our dataset included sequences representing all major Oniscidea clades and closely related aquatic taxa, as suggested by previous studies. We applied Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods and produced a robust and fully resolved phylogenetic tree that offers strong evidence against the monophyly of Oniscidea. The amphibious genus Ligia appears to be more closely related to representatives of marine suborders, while the phylogenetic pattern of the remaining Oniscidea implies a complex history of the transition from the marine environment to land. With the exception of the basal clade, all other established major clades have been recovered as monophyletic, even though relationships within these clades call for a revised interpretation of morphological characters used in terrestrial isopod taxonomy.