School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai, 400098, India.
Cell Biol Toxicol. 2020 Apr;36(2):145-164. doi: 10.1007/s10565-019-09496-2. Epub 2019 Dec 9.
Like the organism they constitute, the cells also die in different ways. The death can be predetermined, programmed, and cleanly executed, as in the case of apoptosis, or it can be traumatic, inflammatory, and sudden as many types of necrosis exemplify. Nevertheless, there are a number of cell deaths-some of them bearing a resemblance to apoptosis and/or necrosis, and many, distinct from each-that serve a multitude of roles in either supporting or disrupting the homoeostasis. Apoptosis is coordinated by death ligands, caspases, b-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, and their downstream effectors. Events that can lead to apoptosis include mitotic catastrophe and anoikis. Necrosis, although it has been considered an abrupt and uncoordinated cell death, has many molecular events associated with it. There are cell death mechanisms that share some standard features with necrosis. These include methuosis, necroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis, and pyroptosis. Autophagy, generally a catabolic pathway that operates to ensure cell survival, can also kill the cell through mechanisms such as autosis. Other cell-death mechanisms include entosis, ferroptosis, lysosome-dependent cell death, and parthanatos.
与它们所构成的生物体一样，细胞也以不同的方式死亡。死亡可以是预定的、程序化的和干净地执行的，如细胞凋亡，也可以是创伤性的、炎症性的和突然的，许多类型的细胞坏死就是例证。然而，有许多细胞死亡——其中一些与细胞凋亡和/或细胞坏死相似，还有许多则与它们不同——在维持或破坏体内平衡方面发挥着多种作用。细胞凋亡由死亡配体、半胱天冬酶、B 细胞淋巴瘤-2（Bcl-2）家族蛋白及其下游效应物协调。可导致细胞凋亡的事件包括有丝分裂灾难和失巢凋亡。虽然坏死曾被认为是一种突然的、不协调的细胞死亡，但它与许多分子事件有关。有一些与坏死具有某些共同特征的细胞死亡机制。这些包括胀亡、坏死性凋亡、NETosis、嘧啶坏死和焦亡。自噬通常是一种分解代谢途径，其作用是确保细胞存活，但也可以通过自噬等机制杀死细胞。其他细胞死亡机制包括胞噬作用、铁死亡、溶酶体依赖性细胞死亡和 parthanatos。
