Department of Sport Science, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
J Sports Sci Med. 2019 Nov 19;18(4):729-737. eCollection 2019 Dec.
The importance of well trained and stable neck flexors and extensors as well as trunk muscles for intentional headers in soccer is increasingly discussed. The neck flexors and extensors should ensure a coupling of trunk and head at the time of ball contact to increase the physical mass hitting the ball and reduce head acceleration. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of a 6-week strength training program (neck flexors, neck extensors) on the acceleration of the head during standing, jumping and running headers as well as after fatigue of the trunk muscles on a pendulum header. A total of 33 active male soccer players (20.3 ± 3.6 years, 1.81 ± 0.07 m, 75.5 ± 8.3 kg) participated and formed two training intervention groups (IG1: independent adult team, IG2: independent youth team) and one control group (CG: players from different teams). The training intervention consisted of three exercises for the neck flexors and extensors. The training effects were verified by means of the isometric maximum voluntary contraction (IMVC) measured by a telemetric Noraxon DTS force sensor. The head acceleration during ball contact was determined using a telemetric Noraxon DTS 3D accelerometer. There was no significant change of the IMVC over time between the groups (F=2.265, p=.121). Head acceleration was not reduced significantly for standing (IG1 0.4 ± 2.0, IG2 0.1 ± 1.4, CG -0.4 ± 1.2; F = 0.796, p = 0.460), jumping (IG1-0.7 ± 1.4, IG2-0.2 ± 0.9, CG 0.1 ± 1.2; F = 1.272, p = 0.295) and running (IG1-1.0 ± 1.9, IG2-0.2 ± 1.4, CG -0.1 ± 1.6; F = 1.050, p = 0.362) headers as well as after fatigue of the trunk musculature for post-jumping (IG1-0.2 ± 2.1, IG2-0.6 ± 1.4; CG -0.6 ± 1.3; F = 0.184, p = 0.833) and post-running (IG1-0.3 ± 1.6, IG2-0.7 ± 1.2, CG 0.0 ± 1.4; F = 0.695, p = 0.507) headers over time between IG1, IG2 and CG. A 6-week strength training of the neck flexors and neck extensors could not show the presumed preventive benefit. Both the effects of a training intervention and the consequences of an effective intervention for the acceleration of the head while heading seem to be more complex than previously assumed and presumably only come into effect in case of strong impacts.
颈部屈肌和伸肌以及躯干肌肉对于足球中的有意头球的重要性越来越受到关注。颈部屈肌和伸肌应确保在球接触时躯干和头部的耦合，以增加撞击球的物理质量并减少头部加速度。本研究的目的是分析 6 周力量训练计划（颈部屈肌、颈部伸肌）对站立、跳跃和跑步头球时头部加速度的影响，以及躯干肌肉疲劳后对摆头头球时头部加速度的影响。共有 33 名活跃的男性足球运动员（20.3 ± 3.6 岁，1.81 ± 0.07 m，75.5 ± 8.3 kg）参与其中，并分为两个训练干预组（IG1：独立成人队，IG2：独立青年队）和一个对照组（CG：来自不同球队的球员）。颈部屈肌和伸肌的训练干预包括三个练习。训练效果通过遥测 Noraxon DTS 力传感器测量的等长最大自主收缩（IMVC）进行验证。使用遥测 Noraxon DTS 3D 加速度计确定球接触时的头部加速度。各组之间的 IMVC 随时间没有显著变化（F=2.265，p=.121）。站立时头部加速度没有明显降低（IG1 0.4 ± 2.0，IG2 0.1 ± 1.4，CG -0.4 ± 1.2；F = 0.796，p = 0.460），跳跃（IG1-0.7 ± 1.4，IG2-0.2 ± 0.9，CG 0.1 ± 1.2；F = 1.272，p = 0.295）和跑步（IG1-1.0 ± 1.9，IG2-0.2 ± 1.4，CG -0.1 ± 1.6；F = 1.050，p = 0.362）以及躯干肌肉疲劳后的后跳跃（IG1-0.2 ± 2.1，IG2-0.6 ± 1.4；CG -0.6 ± 1.3；F = 0.184，p = 0.833）和后跑（IG1-0.3 ± 1.6，IG2-0.7 ± 1.2，CG 0.0 ± 1.4；F = 0.695，p = 0.507）。IG1、IG2 和 CG 之间的时间没有显示出颈部屈肌和伸肌的 6 周力量训练的预期预防效果。颈部屈肌和伸肌训练的效果以及对头部加速的有效干预的后果似乎比以前假设的更为复杂，并且可能只有在受到强烈冲击时才会产生影响。
