Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States.
Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Jan 7;54(1):92-101. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04825. Epub 2019 Dec 16.
The rapid decrease in Arctic sea ice is motivating development and increasing oil and gas extraction activities. However, few observations of these local Arctic emissions exist, limiting the understanding of impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. To address this knowledge gap, the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols was measured within the North Slope of Alaska oil fields during August and September 2016 using an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) and a time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF-ACSM). Plumes from oil and gas extraction activities were characterized by soot internally mixed with sulfate (matching diesel soot) and organic carbon particles containing aminium sulfate salts. Sea spray aerosol at the coastal site was frequently internally mixed with sulfate and nitrate, from multiphase chemical processing from elevated NO and SO within the oil field. Background (nonplume) air masses were characterized by aged combustion aerosol. No periods of "clean" (nonpolluted) Arctic air were observed. The composition of the nonrefractory aerosol measured with the ACSM was similar during plume and background periods and was consistent with the mass concentrations of nonrefractory particles measured by ATOFMS. Two ultrafine aerosol growth events were observed during oil field background periods and were correlated with fine mode amine-containing particles.
北极海冰的迅速减少正在推动石油和天然气开采活动的发展和增加。然而，这些局部北极排放的观测很少，限制了对大气成分和气候影响的理解。为了解决这一知识差距，在 2016 年 8 月和 9 月，使用气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪（ATOFMS）和飞行时间气溶胶化学特征监测仪（ToF-ACSM），在阿拉斯加北坡油田内测量了大气气溶胶的化学成分。油和气开采活动的羽流的特征是与硫酸盐（与柴油烟尘匹配）内部混合的烟尘和含有季铵硫酸盐盐的有机碳颗粒。沿海地区的海雾气溶胶经常与硫酸盐和硝酸盐内部混合，这是由于油田内升高的 NO 和 SO 的多相化学过程。背景（非羽流）空气团的特征是老化的燃烧气溶胶。没有观察到“清洁”（无污染）北极空气的时期。ACSM 测量的不可燃气溶胶的组成在羽流和背景时期相似，并且与 ATOFMS 测量的不可燃颗粒的质量浓度一致。在油田背景时期观察到两次超细气溶胶增长事件，与细颗粒含胺颗粒相关。
