The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle at the Crossroad Between Cancer and Immunity.

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a housekeeping metabolic pathway essential for generation of energy and biosynthetic intermediates. Alterations of the TCA cycle play a pivotal role in oncogenesis and inflammation. As such, some metabolic vulnerabilities, imposed by TCA cycle dysfunction in cancer, have been identified. Similarly, the TCA cycle appeared as an actionable pathway in immunopathologies. Metabolic changes accompanying cell transformation have been usually considered as adaptive mechanisms to malignant transformation. The identification of oncogenic mutations in some TCA cycle enzymes changed this view, indicating altered mitochondrial metabolism as an instrumental mechanism for cancer initiation. Similarly, the observation that TCA cycle-derived metabolites have multiple signaling roles in immune cells supports the idea of this pathway as a metabolic rheostat of immune responses. This review summarizes the crucial role of the TCA cycle in pathophysiology describing the post-translational and epigenetic impact of oncometabolites accumulation in cancer and immune cells. Additional studies will be necessary to further explore the role of oncometabolites in paracrine signaling and to identify genuine metabolic and nutritional liabilities imposed by TCA cycle dysfunction in cancer, hardly to be escaped by resistance mechanisms.