United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Sci Rep. 2019 Dec 20;9(1):19576. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56040-7.
Norovirus is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis. Following infection, anti-norovirus salivary immunoglobulin G (IgG) rises steeply within 2 weeks and remains elevated for several months; this immunoconversion can serve as an indicator of infection. We used a multiplex salivary immunoassay to study norovirus infections among 483 visitors to a Lake Michigan beach in 2015. Saliva was collected on the day of the beach visit (S1); after 10-14 days (S2); and after 30-40 days (S3). Luminex microspheres were coupled to recombinant antigens of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) noroviruses and incubated with saliva. Immunoconversion was defined as at least 4-fold increase in anti-norovirus IgG antibody response from S1 to S2 and a 3-fold increase from S1 to S3. Ten (2.1%) immunoconverted to either GI (2) or GII (8) norovirus. Among those who immunoconverted, 40% reported at least one gastrointestinal symptom and 33% reported diarrhea, compared to 15% (p = 0.06) and 8% (p = 0.04) among those who did not immunoconvert, respectively. The two participants who immunoconverted to GI norovirus both swallowed water during swimming (p = 0.08). This study demonstrated the utility of a non-invasive salivary immunoassay to detect norovirus infections and an efficient approach to study infectious agents in large cohorts.
诺如病毒是引起肠胃炎的最常见原因之一。感染后，唾液中的抗诺如病毒免疫球蛋白 G（IgG）在 2 周内急剧上升，并持续升高数月；这种免疫转化可作为感染的指标。我们使用多重唾液免疫分析方法研究了 2015 年在密歇根湖海滩的 483 名游客中的诺如病毒感染情况。在海滩访问日（S1）收集唾液；在 10-14 天后（S2）；在 30-40 天后（S3）。Luminex 微球与 I 组（GI）和 II 组（GII）诺如病毒的重组抗原偶联，并与唾液孵育。免疫转化定义为从 S1 到 S2 的抗诺如病毒 IgG 抗体反应至少增加 4 倍，从 S1 到 S3 的增加 3 倍。有 10 人（2.1%）对 GI（2）或 GII（8）诺如病毒发生免疫转化。在发生免疫转化的人群中，有 40%报告至少有一个胃肠道症状，33%报告腹泻，而未发生免疫转化的人群中分别为 15%（p=0.06）和 8%（p=0.04）。对 GI 诺如病毒发生免疫转化的两名参与者在游泳时都吞咽了水（p=0.08）。本研究证明了非侵入性唾液免疫分析在检测诺如病毒感染方面的实用性，以及在大样本中研究传染性病原体的有效方法。
