Bone diseases represent an increasing health burden worldwide, and basic research remains necessary to better understand the complexity of these pathologies and to improve and expand existing prevention and treatment approaches. In the present study, 216 bone samples from the caput femoris and collum femoris of 108 patients with degenerative or dysplastic coxarthrosis, hip fracture, or osteonecrosis were evaluated for the proportion of trabecular bone (TB) and expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor (PTH1R), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Serum levels of PTH, OPG, soluble RANKL (sRANKL), alkaline phosphatase (AP), osteocalcin, total procollagen type-1 intact N-terminal propeptide (TP1NP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5b (TRAP5b), sclerostin, and C-telopeptide of type-1 collagen (ICTP) were also determined. Age was positively correlated with serum levels of PTH, OPG, and sclerostin but negatively associated with TB and sRANKL. Women exhibited less TB, lower sclerostin and ICTP, and higher TRAP5b. Impaired kidney function was associated with shorter bone decalcification time, less TB, lower sRANKL, and higher serum PTH, OPG, and sclerostin. Furthermore, correlations were observed between bone PTH1R and OPG expression and between serum PTH, OPG, and AP. There were also positive correlations between serum OPG and TP1NP; serum OPG and sclerostin; serum AP, osteocalcin, and TRAP5b; and serum sclerostin and ICTP. Serum OPG was negatively associated with sRANKL. In summary, clear relationships between specific bone metabolism markers were observed, and distinct influences of age, sex, and kidney function, thus underscoring their suitability as diagnostic or prognostic markers.