Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
Environ Res. 2020 Mar;182:109062. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109062. Epub 2019 Dec 21.
Health risk and burden of disease induced by exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs, four compounds) and haloacetic acids (HAAs, 5 compounds) from drinking water through ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation routes were assessed based on one-year water quality monitoring in four urban communities (Bandar Deylam, Borazjan, Bushehr, and Choghadak) of Bushehr Province, Iran. The total average concentrations of THMs and HAAs at all the communities level were determined to be 92.9 ± 43.7 and 70.6 ± 26.5 μg/L, respectively. The dominant components of the THMs and HAAs were determined to be tribromomethane (TBM, 41.6%) and monobromoacetic acid (MBAA, 60.8%), respectively. The average contributions of ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation routes in exposure to the chlorination by-products (CBPs) were respectively 65.0, 15.4, and 19.6%. The total average non-carcinogenic risk as the hazard index (HI) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of the CBPs at all the communities level were found to be 4.03 × 10 and 3.16 × 10, respectively. The total attributable deaths, death rate (per 100,000 people), age-weighted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-weighted DALY rate for all ages both sexes combined at all the communities level were estimated to be 1.0 (uncertainty interval: UI 95% 0.3 to 2.8), 0.27 (0.08-0.75), 30.8 (11.3-100.1), and 8.1 (3.0-26.4), respectively. The average contribution of mortality (years of life lost due to premature mortality: YLLs) in the attributable burden of disease was 94.7% (94.4-95.6). Although in most of cases the average levels of the CBPs were in the permissible range of Iranian standards for drinking water quality, the average values of ILCRs as well as attributable burden of disease were not acceptable (the ILCRs were higher than the boundary limit of 10); therefore, implementation of interventions for reducing exposure to CBPs through drinking water especially in Kowsar Dam Water Treatment Plant is strictly recommended.
基于伊朗布什尔省四个城市社区（Bandar Deylam、Borazjan、Bushehr 和 Choghadak）为期一年的水质监测，评估了通过饮水、皮肤吸收和吸入途径接触饮用水中三卤甲烷（THMs，四种化合物）和卤乙酸（HAAs，五种化合物）引起的健康风险和疾病负担。所有社区水平的三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的总平均浓度分别确定为 92.9 ± 43.7 和 70.6 ± 26.5μg/L。三卤甲烷和卤乙酸的主要成分分别确定为三溴甲烷（TBM，41.6%）和一溴乙酸（MBAA，60.8%）。通过饮水、皮肤吸收和吸入途径接触氯化副产物（CBPs）的平均贡献率分别为 65.0%、15.4%和 19.6%。所有社区水平的非致癌风险作为危害指数（HI）和增量终生癌症风险（ILCR）的总平均值分别为 4.03×10-1 和 3.16×10-1。所有社区水平的总归因死亡人数、死亡率（每 10 万人）、年龄加权残疾调整生命年（DALYs）和年龄加权所有年龄段两性合计的 DALY 率估计分别为 1.0（不确定区间：95%UI 0.3 至 2.8）、0.27（0.08-0.75）、30.8（11.3-100.1）和 8.1（3.0-26.4）。归因于疾病负担的死亡率（由于过早死亡而失去的生命年：YLLs）的平均贡献率为 94.7%（94.4-95.6）。尽管在大多数情况下，CBPs 的平均水平在伊朗饮用水质量标准的允许范围内，但 ILCRs 的平均值以及归因于疾病的负担都不可接受（ILCRs 高于 10 的边界限值）；因此，强烈建议通过饮用水实施减少接触 CBPs 的干预措施，特别是在 Kowsar 大坝水处理厂。
