Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI/CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Photochem Photobiol. 2020 Jul;96(4):779-797. doi: 10.1111/php.13208. Epub 2020 Mar 12.
UV radiation is one of the critical environmental stress factors for human skin, which can trigger various problems such as pruritus, burning, erythema, premature skin aging and skin cancer. Hence, UV protection has become an indispensable daily routine and the use of topical sunscreen products is rapidly increasing. However, there are emerging concerns over the efficiency and safety of existing chemical and physical UV filters used in consumer products. Furthermore, there is no universally approved method for assessing sun protection efficiency regardless of the immediate end user need to develop safer sunscreen products that afford broad-spectrum photoprotection. It is evident that the current organic and inorganic UV filters have significant unfavorable impacts on human, environmental, and marine safety. Therefore, effective alternative UV filters should be established. This article comprehensively reviews the properties, safety, health and ecological concerns of various UV filters including TiO and ZnO nanoparticles as well as the limitations of the testing protocols and guidelines provided by major regulatory bodies. The photoreactivity of UV filters used in sunscreen remains a major challenge, and it is crucial to develop new sunscreen ingredients, which not only protect the consumer, but also the environment.
紫外线辐射是人类皮肤的重要环境应激因素之一，它会引发各种问题，如瘙痒、灼热、红斑、皮肤过早衰老和皮肤癌。因此，紫外线防护已成为日常生活中不可或缺的一部分，防晒霜等局部用防晒产品的使用也在迅速增加。然而，人们越来越关注现有用于消费产品的化学和物理紫外线滤光剂的效率和安全性。此外，无论最终用户立即需要开发更安全的防晒霜以提供广谱光保护，都没有普遍认可的方法来评估防晒效率。显然，目前的有机和无机紫外线滤光剂对人类、环境和海洋安全都有重大不利影响。因此，需要建立有效的替代紫外线滤光剂。本文全面综述了各种紫外线滤光剂的性能、安全性、健康和生态问题，包括 TiO 和 ZnO 纳米粒子，以及主要监管机构提供的测试方案和指南的局限性。防晒霜中使用的紫外线滤光剂的光反应性仍然是一个主要挑战，开发不仅能保护消费者，还能保护环境的新型防晒霜成分至关重要。
