Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China.
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin, China.
Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Mar;123:109716. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109716. Epub 2019 Dec 30.
Exosomes are endosome-derived extracellular vesicles that are released upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. These vesicles contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and are found in various human body fluids. Exosomes can transfer bioactive molecules to nearby or distant recipient cells, thereby affecting their function. Recently, exosomes have gained importance as a medium of communication between tumor cells. An increasing number of studies have found that non-coding RNAs in tumor cell-derived exosomes can regulate tumor microenvironments, inhibit immune cell function, promote the growth and invasion of tumor cells, and impart resistance to chemicals in tumor cells. In this review, we focus on the effects of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) on tumors. As exosomes and their parent cells have similar biological characteristics and coated lncRNAs can exist stably in vivo without being degraded by RNases, exosomal lncRNAs have emerged as novel non-invasive tumor biomarkers for use in the early diagnosis and evaluation of prognosis of tumors. Advancements in the field have led to the development of a variety of techniques in exosomal non-coding RNA research. Currently, most methods include the separation and purification of exosomes, followed by RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and subsequent analyses; thus, these processes are very tedious and vulnerable to contamination and could lead to inaccurate and inconsistent results. Thus, there has been an increase in the development of detection methods for exosomal RNAs. Here, we discuss the existing research methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and a few new techniques.
外泌体是多泡体与质膜融合时释放的内体衍生的细胞外囊泡。这些囊泡含有蛋白质、脂质和核酸，存在于各种人体体液中。外泌体可以将生物活性分子传递给附近或远处的受体细胞，从而影响其功能。最近，外泌体作为肿瘤细胞之间通讯的媒介而受到重视。越来越多的研究发现，肿瘤细胞来源的外泌体中的非编码 RNA 可以调节肿瘤微环境，抑制免疫细胞功能，促进肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭，并赋予肿瘤细胞对化学物质的耐药性。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了外泌体长非编码 RNA（lncRNA）对肿瘤的影响。由于外泌体及其亲本细胞具有相似的生物学特性，并且包被的 lncRNA 可以在体内稳定存在而不被 RNase 降解，因此外泌体 lncRNA 已成为新型非侵入性肿瘤生物标志物，可用于肿瘤的早期诊断和预后评估。该领域的进展导致了各种外泌体非编码 RNA 研究技术的发展。目前，大多数方法包括外泌体的分离和纯化，然后进行 RNA 提取、反转录和后续分析；因此，这些过程非常繁琐，容易受到污染的影响，并且可能导致不准确和不一致的结果。因此，外泌体 RNA 的检测方法得到了越来越多的发展。在这里，我们讨论了现有的研究方法、它们的优缺点以及一些新技术。
