Nanobioscience Group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India.
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020 Feb;104(4):1437-1461. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10334-y. Epub 2020 Jan 3.
Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes are the major causal agents of plant diseases. These phytopathogens are responsible for about 10-40% losses in productivity and quality of food crops and horticultural produce. Although eradication of pathogens is not possible, control of plant diseases has been an area of continuous improvement/research. Use of antimicrobials, bacteriophages, and biocontrol agents, natural and synthetic agrochemicals along with best farm management practices constitute integrated measures for disease control. However, the quest for new materials continues due to pesticide resistance in the pathogens, emergence of new serotypes, and accumulation of high quantities of agrochemical contaminants in the ecosystem and associated environmental hazards, specificity of biocontrol agents, succession of pathogens during the plant growth phase, etc. The emergence of "nanotechnology," a multidisciplinary field of research, has provided a plethora of nanomaterials for potential applications in the agricultural sector. Control of plant diseases requires agents that reduce the pathogen to manageable levels, tools for early-stage detection of pathogen, and compounds that elicit immune response in the host plants. Nanomaterials have in fact been assessed for their utility in all these approaches for disease control. The present review discusses nanomaterials for controlling phytopathogens, nanomaterials in plant disease diagnostics, and nanomaterials as elicitors of the plant immune system. These nanomaterials thus represent new weapons in the fight against the phytopathogens. Recent studies indicate that nanomaterials will be a crucial component in the agroecosystem.
细菌、真菌、病毒和线虫是植物病害的主要病原体。这些植物病原体导致粮食作物和园艺产品的产量和质量损失约为 10-40%。虽然无法根除病原体，但控制植物病害一直是一个持续改进/研究的领域。使用抗生素、噬菌体和生物防治剂、天然和合成农用化学品以及最佳的农场管理实践构成了综合的病害控制措施。然而，由于病原体的抗药性、新血清型的出现以及农业生态系统和相关环境危害中农用化学品污染物的大量积累、生物防治剂的特异性、植物生长阶段病原体的演替等原因，人们一直在寻求新材料。“纳米技术”是一个多学科的研究领域，它提供了大量的纳米材料，可潜在应用于农业领域。控制植物病害需要将病原体降低到可管理水平的药剂、用于早期检测病原体的工具以及在宿主植物中引发免疫反应的化合物。事实上，纳米材料已经在所有这些控制病害的方法中被评估了其效用。本综述讨论了用于控制植物病原体的纳米材料、用于植物病害诊断的纳米材料以及作为植物免疫系统激发剂的纳米材料。因此，这些纳米材料代表了对抗植物病原体的新武器。最近的研究表明，纳米材料将成为农业生态系统的关键组成部分。
