Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea.
Sensors (Basel). 2020 Jan 2;20(1):264. doi: 10.3390/s20010264.
While emerging technology for self-driving automation in vehicles progresses rapidly, the transition to an era of roads full of fully connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) may take longer than expected. Until then, it is inevitable that CAVs should coexist and interact with drivers of non-autonomous vehicles (NAVs) in urban roads. During this period of transition, it is critical to provide road safety with the mixed vehicular traffic and uncertainty caused by human drivers. To investigate the issues caused by the coexistence and interaction with humans, we propose to build a component-based and interactive intelligent transportation cyber-physical systems (ITCPS) framework. Our design of the interactive ITCPS framework aims to provide a standardized structure for users by defining core components. The framework is specified by behavior models and interfaces for the desired ITCPS components and is implemented as a form of human and hardware-in-the-loop system. We developed an intersection crossing assistance service and an automatic emergency braking service as an example of practical applications using the framework. To evaluate the framework, we tested its performance to show how effectively it operates while supporting real-time processing. The results indicate that it satisfies the timing requirements of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and the limited processing time required for performing the functions of behavior models, even though the traffic volume reaches the road capacity. A case study using statistical analysis is conducted to assess the practical value of the developed experimental environment. The results of the case study validate the reliability among the specified variables for the experiments involving human drivers. It has shown that V2V communication support has positive effects on road safety, including intersection safety, braking events, and perception-reaction time (PRT) of the drivers. Furthermore, V2V communication support and PRT are identified as the important indicators affecting road safety at an un-signalized intersection. The proposed interactive framework is expected to contribute in constructing a comprehensive environment for the urban ITCPS and providing experimental support for the analysis of human behavior in the coexistence environment.
虽然车辆自动驾驶自动化的新兴技术发展迅速，但向充满全连接和自动驾驶车辆（CAV）的道路时代的过渡可能比预期的要长。在此期间，不可避免的是，CAV 应该与城市道路上的非自动驾驶车辆（NAV）的驾驶员共存并相互作用。在这个过渡期间，为混合交通和驾驶员的不确定性提供道路安全至关重要。为了研究与人类共存和交互所带来的问题，我们提出了一个基于组件和交互的智能交通网络物理系统（ITCPS）框架。我们的交互 ITCPS 框架设计旨在通过定义核心组件为用户提供标准化的结构。该框架通过所需的 ITCPS 组件的行为模型和接口进行指定，并实现为一种人与硬件在环系统的形式。我们开发了一个交叉口穿越辅助服务和一个自动紧急制动服务作为使用该框架的实际应用示例。为了评估该框架，我们测试了其性能，以展示在支持实时处理的同时它的运行效率。结果表明，即使交通量达到道路容量，它也满足车对车（V2V）通信的定时要求和执行行为模型功能所需的有限处理时间。使用统计分析进行案例研究，以评估开发的实验环境的实际价值。案例研究的结果验证了涉及人类驾驶员的实验中指定变量之间的可靠性。结果表明，V2V 通信支持对道路安全具有积极影响，包括交叉口安全、制动事件以及驾驶员的感知-反应时间（PRT）。此外，V2V 通信支持和 PRT 被确定为无信号交叉口影响道路安全的重要指标。所提出的交互框架有望为构建城市 ITCPS 的综合环境做出贡献，并为共存环境中人类行为的分析提供实验支持。
