Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States.
J Agric Food Chem. 2020 Jan 29;68(4):943-960. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07532. Epub 2020 Jan 16.
Diet, especially seafood, is the main source of arsenic exposure for humans. The total arsenic content of a diet offers inadequate information for assessment of the toxicological consequences of arsenic intake, which has impeded progress in the establishment of regulatory limits for arsenic in food. Toxicity assessments are mainly based on inorganic arsenic, a well-characterized carcinogen, and arsenobetaine, the main organoarsenical in seafood. Scarcity of toxicity data for organoarsenicals, and the predominance of arsenobetaine as an organic arsenic species in seafood, has led to the assumption of their nontoxicity. Recent toxicokinetic studies show that some organoarsenicals are bioaccessible and cytotoxic with demonstrated toxicities like that of pernicious trivalent inorganic arsenic, underpinning the need for speciation analysis. The need to investigate and compare the bioavailability, metabolic transformation, and elimination from the body of organoarsenicals to the well-established physiological consequences of inorganic arsenic and arsenobetaine exposure is apparent. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and assessment of human exposure to arsenic toxicity associated with the consumption of seafood.
饮食，尤其是海鲜，是人类接触砷的主要来源。饮食中总砷含量不能充分反映砷摄入的毒理学后果，这阻碍了制定食品中砷限量标准的工作进展。毒性评估主要基于无机砷，这是一种特征明确的致癌物质，以及海产品中主要的有机砷化合物——砷甜菜碱。由于有机砷化合物的毒性数据有限，而且海产品中砷甜菜碱是主要的有机砷化合物，因此人们认为其没有毒性。最近的毒代动力学研究表明，一些有机砷化合物是可生物利用的，具有细胞毒性，其毒性与有害的三价无机砷相似，这支持了对砷形态分析的需要。显然，需要研究和比较有机砷化合物从体内的生物利用度、代谢转化和消除与已确立的无机砷和砷甜菜碱暴露的生理后果。本文综述了与食用海鲜相关的人类砷毒性接触的发生和评估。
