Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jan 9;21(2):432. doi: 10.3390/ijms21020432.
Melanoma is one of the most lethal and malignant cancers and its incidence is increasing worldwide, and Japan is not an exception. Although there are numerous therapeutic options for melanoma, the prognosis is still poor once it has metastasized. The main concern after removal of a primary melanoma is whether it has metastasized, and early detection of metastatic melanoma would be effective in improving the prognosis of patients. Thus, it is very important to identify reliable methods to detect metastases as early as possible. Although many prognostic biomarkers (mainly for metastases) of melanoma have been reported, there are very few effective for an early diagnosis. Serum and urinary biomarkers for melanoma diagnosis have especially received great interest because of the relative ease of sample collection and handling. Several serum and urinary biomarkers appear to have significant potential both as prognostic indicators and as targets for future therapeutic methods, but still there are no efficient serum and urinary biomarkers for early detection, accurate diagnosis and prognosis, efficient monitoring of the disease and reliable prediction of survival and recurrence. Levels of 5--cysteinyldopa (5SCD) in the serum or urine as biomarkers of melanoma have been found to be significantly elevated earlier and to reflect melanoma progression better than physical examinations, laboratory tests and imaging techniques, such as scintigraphy and echography. With recent developments in the treatment of melanoma, studies reporting combinations of 5SCD levels and new applications for the treatment of melanoma are gradually increasing. This review summarizes the usefulness of 5SCD, the most widely used and well-known melanoma marker in the serum and urine, compares 5SCD and other useful markers, and finally its application to other fields.
黑色素瘤是最致命和恶性的癌症之一，其发病率在全球范围内呈上升趋势，日本也不例外。尽管有许多治疗黑色素瘤的选择，但一旦转移，预后仍然很差。原发性黑色素瘤切除后主要关注的是是否已经转移，早期发现转移性黑色素瘤将有效改善患者的预后。因此，识别可靠的方法尽早发现转移非常重要。虽然已经报道了许多黑色素瘤的预后生物标志物（主要用于转移），但很少有对早期诊断有效的。黑色素瘤的血清和尿液生物标志物因其样本采集和处理相对容易而受到特别关注。一些血清和尿液生物标志物似乎具有作为预后指标和未来治疗方法的靶点的巨大潜力，但仍然没有用于早期检测、准确诊断和预后、有效监测疾病以及可靠预测生存和复发的有效的血清和尿液生物标志物。血清或尿液中 5--半胱氨酰多巴（5SCD）作为黑色素瘤的生物标志物的水平被发现显著升高，并且比体格检查、实验室检查和成像技术（如闪烁扫描和超声检查）更早地反映黑色素瘤的进展。随着黑色素瘤治疗的最新进展，报告 5SCD 水平与新的黑色素瘤治疗应用相结合的研究逐渐增加。本综述总结了血清和尿液中最广泛使用和知名的黑色素瘤标志物 5SCD 的有用性，比较了 5SCD 和其他有用的标志物，最后介绍了其在其他领域的应用。
