De Waal Frans B M, Luttrell Lesleigh M
Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison.
Am J Primatol. 1989;19(2):83-109. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350190203.
Captive studies can make a unique contribution to primate socioecology by documenting species-typical social dispositions under controlled conditions. Recent theories seek to connect the dominance relationships, group cohesiveness, and feeding ecology of primates. The present study explores the first two aspects by comparing the social organization of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and stumptail monkeys (M. arctoides). Data were collected over a period of eight years, with five different methods, on three well-established captive groups in identical environments. The groups were found to share one characteristic: a clear-cut, linear formal dominance hierarchy as expressed in teeth-baring displays. The two main study groups (one of each species) differed significantly, however, with respect to nine of eleven behavioral measures. In addition to a previously reported higher frequency of reconciliation in the stumptail group, this group showed (1) more frequent but less severe aggressive behavior, (2) greater symmetry of contests, (3) greater social tolerance, (4) more nonagonistic approaches, and (5) more allogrooming. The differences can be summarized as a contrast in dominance "style," with the stumptails having a more relaxed style and placing greater emphasis on social cohesion than the rhesus monkeys. An egalitarian attitude was also reflected in approach behavior: contacts in the rhesus group were mostly initiated by dominants, whereas contacts in the stumptail group were initiated independent of rank. Comparisons with a second rhesus group, and with published reports, suggest that while some of the observed differences are probably representative of the two species, considerable intraspecific variation does exist, and a more comprehensive program of comparative studies is needed.
圈养研究可以通过记录在受控条件下物种典型的社会习性，对灵长类动物社会生态学做出独特贡献。最近的理论试图将灵长类动物的支配关系、群体凝聚力和觅食生态学联系起来。本研究通过比较恒河猴（猕猴）和短尾猴的社会组织，探讨了前两个方面。在八年时间里，使用五种不同方法，对处于相同环境中的三个成熟圈养群体进行了数据收集。结果发现这些群体有一个共同特征：在露齿展示中表现出明确的线性形式支配等级制度。然而，两个主要研究群体（每个物种各一个）在11项行为指标中的9项上存在显著差异。除了之前报道的短尾猴群体中和解频率更高外，该群体还表现出：（1）攻击行为更频繁但程度较轻；（2）争斗的对称性更高；（3）社会容忍度更高；（4）非攻击性接触更多；（5）相互梳理毛发更多。这些差异可以概括为支配“风格”的对比，短尾猴的风格更为宽松，比恒河猴更强调社会凝聚力。平等主义态度在接触行为中也有所体现：恒河猴群体中的接触大多由占主导地位者发起，而短尾猴群体中的接触发起与等级无关。与第二个恒河猴群体以及已发表报告的比较表明，虽然观察到的一些差异可能代表了这两个物种，但种内变异确实存在，需要一个更全面的比较研究计划。
