Matsumura S
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 484-8506, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan,
Primates. 1999 Jan;40(1):23-31. doi: 10.1007/BF02557699.
Recent studies of captive macaques have revealed considerable inter-species differences in dominance styles among females. In "egalitarian" species such as stumptail (Macaca arctoides) or tonkean macaques (M. tonkeana), social interactions are more symmetrical and less kin-biased than in "despotic" species such as Japanese (M. fuscata) or rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). Field observations of moor macaques (M. maurus), close relatives of tonkean macaques, suggest that tolerance during feeding characterizes their egalitarian dominance style in the natural habitat. Although it has been proposed that communal defense against other groups may be the main selective force in the evolution of egalitarian dominance style among females, few field data support this prediction. A game theory analysis showed that both an "egalitarian" strategy and a "despotic" strategy are possible evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) under certain conditions. The difference in dominance styles might reflect the difference in ESS. This means that an egalitarian dominance style can emerge without strong between-group contest competition. A phylogenetic comparison among macaques suggests that despotic dominance styles very likely evolved from egalitarian dominance styles. In the future, primate socioecological studies should pay more attention to the evolutionary history of each species.
最近对圈养猕猴的研究揭示了雌性之间在支配方式上存在相当大的种间差异。在“平等主义”物种中，如短尾猕猴（食蟹猴）或托氏猕猴，与“专制”物种如日本猕猴或恒河猴相比，社会互动更加对称，亲属偏向性更小。对托氏猕猴的近亲摩尔猕猴的野外观察表明，觅食时的容忍度是其自然栖息地中平等主义支配方式的特征。尽管有人提出，对其他群体的共同防御可能是雌性平等主义支配方式进化的主要选择力量，但很少有野外数据支持这一预测。博弈论分析表明，在某些条件下，“平等主义”策略和“专制”策略都可能是进化稳定策略（ESS）。支配方式的差异可能反映了ESS的差异。这意味着平等主义支配方式可以在没有强烈的群体间竞争的情况下出现。猕猴之间的系统发育比较表明，专制支配方式很可能是从平等主义支配方式进化而来的。未来，灵长类社会生态学研究应更加关注每个物种的进化历史。
