Byrne R W, Whiten A, Henzi S P
Department of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland.
Am J Primatol. 1989;18(3):191-207. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350180303.
Instead of close and differentiated relationship among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision-making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this "leader" male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach-retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one-male; male-female relationships in one were like those in a unit of hamadryas male at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an old hamadryas male, who still led the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monoplizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as "cross-sex-bonded" than "female bonded".
与成年雌性之间亲密且有区别的关系不同，在热带草原狒狒中被认可的常态下，德拉肯斯堡山狒狒（豚尾狒狒）群体中雌性对单一雄性表现出强烈的依恋。同一雄性通常是控制群体行动的决策动物。哺乳期或怀孕的雌性将梳理毛发的行为集中在这只“首领”雄性身上，形成了如沙漠狒狒（阿拉伯狒狒）那样呈放射状的社会关系图；首领雄性保护群体中的幼崽免受攻击，并抵御外部威胁。与典型的热带草原狒狒不同，这些山狒狒很少表现出接近 - 撤退或三元互动，成年雌性之间完全没有联盟。所研究的两个群体在繁殖方面都是单雄性群体；其中一个群体中的雌雄关系类似于处于巅峰状态的阿拉伯狒狒雄性单元中的关系，而另一个群体则类似于一只仍领导着群体的老年阿拉伯狒狒雄性单元，有一只雄性跟随者开始建立一个新单元并已经垄断了交配。在它们的山地环境中，低种群密度表明条件对狒狒来说和沙漠一样恶劣，在活动期间这些群体中的成年个体保持着异常大的距离；亲属往往分开活动，并且在干燥的冬季末期成年个体之间的间距最大。这些事实支持了食物稀缺导致与阿拉伯狒狒社会组织趋同的假说。有人提出，所有狒狒虽然是母系居住，但与其说是“雌性联结”，不如更好地归类为“跨性别联结”。
