Identification of late-stage pollen-specific promoters for construction of pollen-inactivation system in rice.

Large-scale production of male sterile seeds can be achieved by introducing a fertility-restoration gene linked with a pollen-killer gene into a recessive male sterile mutant. We attempted to construct this system in rice by using a late-stage pollen-specific (LSP) promoter driving the expression of maize α-amylase gene ZM-AA1. To obtain such promoters in rice, we conducted comparative RNA-seq analysis of mature pollen with meiosis anther, and compared this with the transcriptomic data of various tissues in the Rice Expression Database, resulting in 269 candidate LSP genes. Initial test of nine LSP genes showed that only the most active OsLSP3 promoter could drive ZM-AA1 to disrupt pollen. We then analyzed an additional 22 LSP genes and found 12 genes stronger than OsLSP3 in late-stage anthers. The promoters of OsLSP5 and OsLSP6 showing higher expression than OsLSP3 at stages 11 and 12 could drive ZM-AA1 to inactivate pollen, while the promoter of OsLSP4 showing higher expression at stage 12 only could not drive ZM-AA1 to disrupt pollen, suggesting that strong promoter activity at stage 11 was critical for pollen inactivation. The strong pollen-specific promoters identified in this study provided valuable tools for genetic engineering of rice male sterile system for hybrid rice production.