Sovak M, Halkovich C A, Foster S J
Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego.
Invest Radiol. 1988 Sep;23 Suppl 1:S84-7. doi: 10.1097/00004424-198809001-00004.
Vascular pain caused by contrast media (CM) cannot be quantified by subjective patient reports or manifest pain reactions in experimental animals. Therefore, conditioned taste aversion (CTA), a psychopharmacological method, was used in double-blind femoral arteriography in rats to compare a new nonionic monomeric CM, ioxilan, with iohexol, iopamidol (all at 350 mgI/mL) and 22% sorbitol. A chronically implanted femoral artery catheter was used to inject 0.2 mL/kg body weight. By measuring the intake of water laced with the flavor that thirsty rats had learned to associate with the injection, the degree of aversion, assumed proportional to pain, was determined. Ioxilan (690 mOsm) produced the least pain, followed by iopamidol (810 mOsm), iohexol (844 mOsm) and sorbitol (1410 mOsm). Since all test substances are highly and similarly hydrophilic and nonionic, the intensity of vascular pain must depend on solution osmolality, rather than on chemotoxicity or ionicity. Compounds of the lowest osmolality, ig, ioxilan, elicit the least vascular pain.
造影剂（CM）引起的血管疼痛无法通过患者主观报告或实验动物明显的疼痛反应来量化。因此，在大鼠双盲股动脉造影中采用了一种心理药理学方法——条件性味觉厌恶（CTA），以比较一种新型非离子单体造影剂碘克沙醇与碘海醇、碘帕醇（均为350 mgI/mL）以及22%山梨醇。使用一根长期植入的股动脉导管注射0.2 mL/kg体重的药物。通过测量口渴的大鼠学会将其与注射联系起来的那种味道的加味水的摄入量，确定厌恶程度，假定其与疼痛成正比。碘克沙醇（690毫渗量）引起的疼痛最小，其次是碘帕醇（810毫渗量）、碘海醇（844毫渗量）和山梨醇（1410毫渗量）。由于所有测试物质都具有高度且相似的亲水性和非离子性，血管疼痛的强度必定取决于溶液渗透压，而非化学毒性或离子性。渗透压最低的化合物，即碘克沙醇，引起的血管疼痛最少。
