Ali Tammar H, Heidelberg Thorsten, Hussen Rusnah S D, Tajuddin Hairul A
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Curr Org Synth. 2019;16(8):1143-1148. doi: 10.2174/1570179416666191105152714.
BACKGROUND: High efficiency in terms of reaction yield and purity has led to the extensive utilization of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) in various fields of chemistry. Its compatibility with low molecular weight alcohols promotes the application in surfactant synthesis to tackle the miscibility constraints of the reactants. OBJECTIVE: For the tuning of surfactant properties, double click coupling of the antipode precursors was attempted. Failure of the CuAAC to provide the targeted product in combination with unexpected reaction outputs led to an investigation of the side reaction. METHODS: The CuAAC-based coupling of sugar azide with propargyl building block in the presence of copper- (I) catalyst exclusively led to the mono-coupling product in a respectable yield of almost 80%. Besides the unexpected incomplete conversion, the loss of the remaining propargyl group, as indicated by both NMR and MS. On the other hand, application of substantial amounts of CuSO4 under reducing conditions in refluxing toluene/water furnished the alkyne dimer in a moderate yield of 43%, while no change of azide compound was noticed. RESULTS: The Cu(I)-catalyst applied for azide-alkyne cycloadditions enables the homo-coupling of certain terminal alkynes at a higher temperature. Moreover, aromatic propargyl ethers may be cleaved to furnish the corresponding phenol. The copper-catalyzed coupling appeared highly sensitive towards the alkyne compound. Only selected derivatives of propargyl alcohol were successfully dimerized. CONCLUSIONS: The observed failure of the Huisgen reaction for the synthesis of sugar-based surfactants may indicate non-recognized constrains of the reaction, which could affect its wide application in bioconjugation. The temperature requirement for the alternative dimerization of terminal alkynes renders this side reaction nonrelevant for typical click couplings, while narrow substrate diversity and moderate yield limit its synthetic application.
背景:铜催化的叠氮化物-炔烃环加成反应(CuAAC)在反应产率和纯度方面具有高效性,这使得其在化学的各个领域得到了广泛应用。它与低分子量醇的相容性促进了其在表面活性剂合成中的应用,以解决反应物的混溶性限制问题。 目的:为了调节表面活性剂的性质,尝试了对映体前体的双点击偶联。CuAAC未能提供目标产物,同时出现了意外的反应结果,这促使人们对副反应进行研究。 方法:在铜(I)催化剂存在下,糖叠氮化物与炔丙基结构单元基于CuAAC的偶联反应仅生成了单偶联产物,产率可观,接近80%。除了意外的不完全转化外,核磁共振(NMR)和质谱(MS)均表明剩余炔丙基基团有所损失。另一方面,在回流的甲苯/水中,在还原条件下使用大量硫酸铜得到了炔烃二聚体,产率为43%,中等水平,而叠氮化物化合物未发生变化。 结果:用于叠氮化物-炔烃环加成反应的Cu(I)催化剂能够使某些末端炔烃在较高温度下发生均偶联反应。此外,芳基炔丙基醚可能会被裂解生成相应的苯酚。铜催化的偶联反应对炔烃化合物高度敏感。只有选定的炔丙醇衍生物成功发生了二聚反应。 结论:观察到的用于合成糖基表面活性剂的惠斯根反应失败可能表明该反应存在未被认识到的限制,这可能会影响其在生物共轭中的广泛应用。末端炔烃发生替代二聚反应所需的温度使得这种副反应与典型的点击偶联反应无关,而狭窄的底物多样性和中等产率限制了其合成应用。
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