Pohl Johannes, Golovko Oksana, Carlsson Gunnar, Eriksson Johan, Glynn Anders, Örn Stefan, Weiss Jana
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
Environ Sci Technol. 2020 Mar 3;54(5):2913-2921. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07100. Epub 2020 Feb 11.
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an anticonvulsant medication with highly persistent properties in the aquatic environment, where it has the potential to affect nontarget biota. Because CBZ and many other pharmaceuticals are not readily removed in conventional sewage treatment plants (STP), additional STP effluent treatment technologies are being evaluated and implemented. Whole effluent ozonation is a prospective method to remove pharmaceuticals such as CBZ, yet knowledge on the toxicity of CBZ ozonation byproducts (OBPs) is lacking. This study presents, for the first time, in vivo individual and mixture toxicity of four putative OBPs, that is, carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, 10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine, 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-4-hydro-(1,3)-quinazoline-2-one (BQM), and 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-(1,3)-quinazoline-2,4-dione (BQD) in developing zebrafish () embryos. BQM and BQD were isolated from the ozonated solution as they were not commercially available. The study confirmed that the OBP mixture caused embryotoxic responses comparable to that of ozonated CBZ. Individual compound embryotoxicity assessment further revealed that BQM and BQD were the drivers of embryotoxicity. OBP chemical stability in ozonated CBZ water solution during 2 week dark storage at 22 °C was also assessed. The OBP concentrations remained over time, except for BQD which decreased by 94%. Meanwhile, ozonated CBZ persistently induced embryotoxicity over 2 week storage, potentially illustrating environmental concern.
卡马西平（CBZ）是一种抗惊厥药物，在水生环境中具有高度持久性，有可能影响非目标生物群。由于CBZ和许多其他药物在传统污水处理厂（STP）中不易去除，因此正在评估和实施额外的污水处理厂废水处理技术。全废水臭氧化是一种去除CBZ等药物的前瞻性方法，但缺乏关于CBZ臭氧化副产物（OBPs）毒性的知识。本研究首次展示了四种假定的OBPs，即卡马西平10,11-环氧化物、10,11-二氢卡马西平、1-(2-苯甲醛)-4-氢-(1,3)-喹唑啉-2-酮（BQM）和1-(2-苯甲醛)-(1,3)-喹唑啉-2,4-二酮（BQD）对斑马鱼胚胎发育的个体和混合毒性。BQM和BQD因无商业供应，从臭氧化溶液中分离得到。该研究证实，OBP混合物引起的胚胎毒性反应与臭氧化CBZ相当。单独化合物胚胎毒性评估进一步表明，BQM和BQD是胚胎毒性的驱动因素。还评估了臭氧化CBZ水溶液在22℃黑暗储存2周期间OBP的化学稳定性。除BQD浓度下降94%外，其他OBP浓度随时间保持稳定。同时，臭氧化CBZ在储存2周期间持续诱导胚胎毒性，这可能表明存在环境问题。
