Departments of Biological Sciences and Anatomy, The Graduate School, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Am J Primatol. 1983;4(1):1-22. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350040102.
Morphometric analysis of Professor A.H. Schultz's data on the overall proportions of primates reveals differences between the sexes. Univariate examinations of these data confirm the existence of the spectrum of sexual dimorphism already well known. This spectrum relates mainly to differences in the proportions of the trunk. It has a differential expression with largest differences between the sexes in species such as orangutans and boboons, and smallest in species such as spider monkeys and douroucoulis. Multivariate statistical study of these same data reveal, however, further unsuspected sexual dimorphisms. Although differences between the sexes are only small when measures of the relative lengths of bodily parts are examined, they are big when bodily breadths are studied. Investigation of breadths alone reveals that the primates display two major patterns of sexual dimorphisms and seven unique sexual dimorphisms among the 18 genera examined. Such findings mean that sexual dimorphism of bodily structure is not a single phenomenon with differential expression, a concept widely noted in the literature and most recently associated with social organization. There are several different sexual dimorphisms and this suggests that their causation is likely to be multifactorial with multiple complex interactions among the factors. Some of the sexual dimorphisms must have evolved in parallel a number of times, and, given that chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans each display a different sexual dimorphism, at least some of the evolutionary changes in different sexual dimorphisms must be very recent. The findings even imply the possibility of further unique patterns of sexual dimorphism in some fossils. By further extension, the findings may have some implications for our understanding of nonstructural dimorphisms in humans.
对 A.H.舒尔茨教授关于灵长类动物整体比例的形态计量学分析揭示了性别差异。对这些数据的单变量检验证实了已经广为人知的性二态性谱的存在。该谱主要与躯干比例的差异有关。它具有差异表达，在猩猩和狒狒等物种中性别差异最大，在蜘蛛猴和 douroucoulis 等物种中性别差异最小。对这些相同数据的多元统计研究然而，揭示了进一步意想不到的性二态性。尽管当检查身体部位相对长度的测量值时，性别差异仅很小，但当研究身体宽度时，差异很大。仅对宽度的研究表明，灵长类动物显示出两种主要的性二态模式和在检查的 18 个属中七个独特的性二态模式。这些发现意味着身体结构的性二态性不是具有差异表达的单一现象，这一概念在文献中广为人知，最近与社会组织相关。存在几种不同的性二态性，这表明它们的原因可能是多因素的，因素之间存在多种复杂相互作用。一些性二态性可能已经多次平行进化，并且由于黑猩猩、大猩猩和人类各自显示出不同的性二态性，因此不同性二态性中的一些进化变化肯定是最近发生的。这些发现甚至暗示了某些化石中可能存在进一步独特的性二态模式的可能性。通过进一步延伸，这些发现可能对我们理解人类中非结构性二态性有一些启示。
