Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Apr;27(11):12320-12331. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-07789-2. Epub 2020 Jan 28.
In this study, element content and health risk of the most popular herbs from Iran were evaluated. The samples of raw materials from 30 different herbs were purchased from the local markets of Iran. The concentration levels of some elements including macroelements (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Na), and heavy metals (Cd, Ni, and Pb) of studied herbs were evaluated. The potential of health risks was calculated by Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to test a hypothesis about differences between the mean values. The highest levels of Ca (20,000 ± 26.3 mg/kg), Mg (9600 ± 45.4 mg/kg), N (59,955 ± 11.55 mg/kg), P (6544 ± 20 mg/kg), and K (56,563.2 ± 18 mg/kg) were found in Zataria multiflora, Malva sylvestris, Acasia arbus, Cannabis sativa, and Amomum subulatum, respectively. In addition, the highest concentration levels of Fe (987 ± 75.27 mg/kg), Zn (1187.5 ± 10 mg/kg), Cu (64.2 ± 2 mg/kg), Mn (272.3 ± 66.62 mg/kg), and Na (2658.8 ± 20.3 mg/kg) were recorded in Bunium persicum, Peganum harmala, Papaver somniferum, Alpinia officinalis, and Cuminum cyminum, respectively. Acasia arbus, Anethum graveolens, and Malva sylvestris showed the highest concentration of Ni (6.07 ± 0.04 mg/kg), Cd (1.64 ± 0.16 mg/kg), and Pb (9.27 ± 0.25 mg/kg). Based on performed health risk assessment on the studied plants, EDI, THQ, and HI values of all of them were less than 1. This study indicated that there were several harmful elements in the herbs. The healthier plant species are those with the least concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd, which include Vitex agnus-custus and Teucrium polium. On the other hand, the toxic plants with a higher concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd included Malva sylvestris, Acasia arbus, and Anethum graveolens. In addition, evaluation of human risk assessment is an important factor for investigating the concentration of heavy metals harmful for human beings.
在这项研究中，评估了来自伊朗最受欢迎的草药的元素含量和健康风险。从 30 种不同草药的原材料中采集了样本，这些样本均购自伊朗当地市场。评估了研究草药中包括常量元素（N、P、K、Ca 和 Mg）、微量元素（Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn 和 Na）和重金属（Cd、Ni 和 Pb）在内的一些元素的浓度水平。通过估计每日摄入量（EDI）、目标危害系数（THQ）和危害指数（HI）计算健康风险的潜在性。方差分析（ANOVA）用于检验关于均值差异的假设。Zataria multiflora、Malva sylvestris、Acasia arbus、Cannabis sativa 和 Amomum subulatum 中分别发现了最高水平的 Ca（20000 ± 26.3mg/kg）、Mg（9600 ± 45.4mg/kg）、N（59955 ± 11.55mg/kg）、P（6544 ± 20mg/kg）和 K（56563.2 ± 18mg/kg）。此外，Bunium persicum、Peganum harmala、Papaver somniferum、Alpinia officinalis 和 Cuminum cyminum 中分别记录了最高浓度的 Fe（987 ± 75.27mg/kg）、Zn（1187.5 ± 10mg/kg）、Cu（64.2 ± 2mg/kg）、Mn（272.3 ± 66.62mg/kg）和 Na（2658.8 ± 20.3mg/kg）。Acasia arbus、Anethum graveolens 和 Malva sylvestris 表现出最高浓度的 Ni（6.07 ± 0.04mg/kg）、Cd（1.64 ± 0.16mg/kg）和 Pb（9.27 ± 0.25mg/kg）。根据对所研究植物进行的健康风险评估，所有植物的 EDI、THQ 和 HI 值均小于 1。这项研究表明，这些草药中存在一些有害元素。Pb、Ni 和 Cd 浓度较低的植物更为健康，其中包括 Vitex agnus-custus 和 Teucrium polium。另一方面，Pb、Ni 和 Cd 浓度较高的有毒植物包括 Malva sylvestris、Acasia arbus 和 Anethum graveolens。此外，对人类风险评估的评估是调查对人类有害的重金属浓度的一个重要因素。
