Ayala-Guerrero F, Pérez M C, Calderón A
Departamento de Fisiología, UNAM Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F.
Physiol Behav. 1988;43(5):585-9. doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(88)90212-0.
Behavioral and electrophysiological features of sleep and wakefulness were studied in chronically implanted adult parakeets, Aratinga canicularis. Four states of vigilance were observed: (1) Wakefulness. It is divided into active and passive. During this state there are generalized motor manifestations which are more frequent and intense in active wakefulness. Cerebral activity is fast and of low amplitude. (2) Drowsiness. Motor activity is notably lower. Blinkings become progressively less frequent. Electroencephalographic patterns are constituted by waves of variable amplitude and frequency. It constitutes 40.7% of the nychthemeral cycle. (3) Slow Wave Sleep (SWS). Animals remain immobile with eyes closed and eye movements are at their lowest frequency. Cerebral activity is slow and of high amplitude. It constitutes 14.7% of the nychthemeral cycle. No sleep spindles are present. (4) Paradoxical sleep (PS). The bird's head tends to drop due to additional muscular relaxation; its eyes remain closed but there are bursts of ocular movements. The EEG is similar to that of wakefulness. This state lasts 7.14 sec on average and occupies 1.98% of the nychthemeral cycle. It is always preceded by SWS. The absence of sleep spindles could be due to the differences in cerebral development compared with mammals.
在长期植入电极的成年和尚鹦鹉（Aratinga canicularis）中研究了睡眠和觉醒的行为及电生理特征。观察到四种警觉状态：（1）觉醒。分为主动觉醒和被动觉醒。在此状态下有全身性运动表现，在主动觉醒时更频繁、强烈。脑电活动快速且振幅低。（2）困倦。运动活动明显减少。眨眼逐渐变得不那么频繁。脑电图模式由振幅和频率可变的波组成。它占昼夜周期的40.7%。（3）慢波睡眠（SWS）。动物闭眼不动，眼球运动频率最低。脑电活动缓慢且振幅高。它占昼夜周期的14.7%。不存在睡眠纺锤波。（4）异相睡眠（PS）。由于额外的肌肉松弛，鸟的头部往往下垂；眼睛仍闭着，但有阵发性眼球运动。脑电图与觉醒时相似。这种状态平均持续7.14秒，占昼夜周期的1.98%。它总是 preceded by SWS。睡眠纺锤波的缺失可能是由于与哺乳动物相比大脑发育的差异。 （注：“preceded by SWS”不太明确准确意思，可能是“ preceded SWS”即“在慢波睡眠之前” ，根据上下文这里推测是这个意思）
