Henderson Aria R, Choi Hyoann, Lee Esak
Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Micromachines (Basel). 2020 Jan 29;11(2):147. doi: 10.3390/mi11020147.
The human circulatory system is divided into two complementary and different systems, the cardiovascular and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system is mainly concerned with providing nutrients to the body via blood and transporting wastes away from the tissues to be released from the body. The lymphatic system focuses on the transport of fluid, cells, and lipid from interstitial tissue spaces to lymph nodes and, ultimately, to the cardiovascular system, as well as helps coordinate interstitial fluid and lipid homeostasis and immune responses. In addition to having distinct structures from each other, each system also has organ-specific variations throughout the body and both systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis. Dysfunction of either system leads to devastating and potentially fatal diseases, warranting accurate models of both blood and lymphatic vessels for better studies. As these models also require physiological flow (luminal and interstitial), extracellular matrix conditions, dimensionality, chemotactic biochemical gradient, and stiffness, to better reflect in vivo, three dimensional (3D) microfluidic (on-a-chip) devices are promising platforms to model human physiology and pathology. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of both blood and lymphatic vessels, as well as current in vitro models. We, then, explore the organ-specific features of each system with examples in the gut and the brain and the implications of dysfunction of either vasculature in these organs. We close the review with discussions on current in vitro models for specific diseases with an emphasis on on-chip techniques.
人体循环系统分为两个互补且不同的系统，即心血管系统和淋巴系统。心血管系统主要负责通过血液为身体提供营养，并将废物从组织中输送出去以便排出体外。淋巴系统则专注于将液体、细胞和脂质从组织间隙输送到淋巴结，并最终输送到心血管系统，同时有助于协调组织间液和脂质的稳态以及免疫反应。除了彼此结构不同外，每个系统在全身还存在器官特异性差异，并且两个系统在维持稳态方面都发挥着重要作用。任何一个系统的功能障碍都会导致严重且可能致命的疾病，因此需要精确的血管模型以进行更好的研究。由于这些模型还需要生理流动（管腔和组织间隙）、细胞外基质条件、维度、趋化生化梯度和硬度，以便更好地反映体内情况，三维（3D）微流控（芯片上）装置是模拟人体生理学和病理学的有前景的平台。在本综述中，我们讨论了血管和淋巴管的异质性以及当前的体外模型。然后，我们通过肠道和大脑的例子探讨每个系统的器官特异性特征以及这些器官中任何一个脉管系统功能障碍的影响。我们以关于特定疾病当前体外模型的讨论结束本综述，重点是芯片上技术。
