Incorporation of chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposite in to the PMMA bone cement: Physical, mechanical and biological evaluation.

One of the most popular types of bone cements is polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). The properties of this bone cement have attracted many researchers effort to modify its properties. In this study, after preparation of chitosan (Cs) powder and Cs/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite powder, they were added homogeneously to the PMMA bone cement with different percentages. The results showed that the addition of 25 wt% of Cs/GO nanocomposite powder to the PMMA bone cement cause to increase the compressive strength by 16.2%, the compressive modulus by 69.1% and the bending strength by 24.0%. The obtained results showed that by adding Cs/GO nanocomposite powder to the PMMA bone cement, setting time and injectability were increased, maximum temperature was decreased and apatite-like deposition was increased after 4 weeks of incubation in SBF solution. The results of MG-63 cell culture confirmed the improvement of cell viability, growth and cell adhesion for 25 wt% PMMA-Cs/GO composite bone cement. Therefore, it can be concluded that 25 wt% PMMA-Cs/GO composite bone cement with improved mechanical, physical and biological properties can be a good replacement for common commercial bone cements in orthopedic applications.